Wide local excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, and reconstructive options for treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast: A retrospective case series from Mayo Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) of the breast is a dermal fibroblastic neoplasm requiring wide excisional margins due to recurrence rates ranging from 26 to 60%. The current literature on reconstructive options and utility of Mohs micrographic surgery for DFSP of the breast is scarce. We describe surgical management of DFSP of the breast at our institution with the largest case series reported to date. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of women who underwent surgery for DFSP of the breast at our institution between 1990 and 2019. Continuous data was summarized using mean, median, and range; categorical data was summarized with frequency count and percentage. Preoperative lesion size and postoperative defect size were evaluated using 2-sided Fisher exact test, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Nine patients underwent wide local excision (WLE) with reconstruction including pedicled latissimus dorsi flaps (n = 2), local flap advancement (n = 2), mastectomy with implant (n = 1), oncoplastic breast reduction (n = 1), and skin grafts (n = 3). Nine underwent Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) with complex primary closure. Mean postoperative maximum wound defect size for WLE was 10.8 cm versus 7.0 cm for MMS with no statistical significance (p = 0.77). Mean preoperative maximum lesion size for WLE was 6.4 cm versus 3.3 cm for MMS with no statistical significance (p = 0.07). Complications with WLE included wound dehiscence in three patients and seroma in one patient. No complications were reported with MMS and primary closure. Recurrence was reported in one WLE patient, which was successfully detected despite flap coverage and resected without complications. Median follow-up for the patients without recurrence was 5.0 years, with two patients in MMS cohort lost to follow-up. Five-year overall survival was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: MMS and WLE are both viable surgical options for managing DFSP of the breast. MMS could potentially minimize reconstructive needs due to smaller average defect size and result in fewer complications but may also result in asymmetry. Immediate flap reconstruction, especially in larger defects, can achieve excellent aesthetic outcomes for patients with DFSP of the breast without compromising detection of disease recurrence.

Risk factors for local atypical fibroxanthoma recurrence and progression to pleomorphic dermal sarcoma: A meta-analysis of individualized participant data.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for local atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) recurrence and progression to pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) have not previously been identified. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors and provide follow-up suggestions for local AFX recurrence and progression to PDS. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were followed. The risks of local AFX recurrence and progression to PDS were presented as Kaplan-Meier plots and risk factors were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) calculated with univariate and multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: Five hundred and ninety-eight patients with AFX from 14 studies were included. Age >74 years and male sex significantly increased the risk of local recurrence (HR: 7.31 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78-30.0], p < 0.01 and HR: 2.89 [95% CI: 1.04-8.01], p < 0.05, respectively). There was no difference when comparing wide local excision and Mohs' micrographic surgery (p = 0.89). The risks of local AFX recurrence and progression to PDS after 2 years were <1%. CONCLUSION: A more intensive follow-up regimen could be considered in patients >74 years old and males due to the higher risk of local AFX recurrence.

Outcomes of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Primary Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the head and neck. OBJECTIVE: To review the results of SLNB for patients with cSCC of the head and neck at the authors' institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was completed for patients who underwent SLNB for cSCC of the head and neck over 19 years. Patient demographics, immune status, tumor stage, total patients with positive SLNB, local recurrence, nodal recurrence, in-transit metastasis, and disease-specific death were recorded. RESULTS: Sixty patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy, and an SLN was identified in 58 patients. The mean follow-up was 3.2 years (range, 15 days-16 years). Four patients (6.9%) had a positive SLNB. All were Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) stage T2b tumors. Three of these patients were immunosuppressed, 3 patients underwent neck dissection, and 2 patients received adjuvant radiation. None developed local or regional recurrence. Of the 53 patients with a negative SLNB, there were 4 local recurrences, 2 in-transit metastases, and no nodal recurrences. CONCLUSION: Immunosuppressed patients with tumors BWH stage T2b or greater may be a reasonable cohort to focus future prospective studies on the utility of SLNB in cSCC of the head and neck.

Safety of Oral Midazolam as a Perioperative Anxiolytic for Outpatient Dermatologic Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative anxiety can negatively impact patient satisfaction and can complicate outpatient dermatologic procedures. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate adverse events associated with oral midazolam as a perioperative anxiolytic during dermatologic surgery and assess whether an enhanced monitoring approach is associated with an increased detection rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred cases (250 before and after change in monitoring) where patients were administered oral midazolam between July 2015 and May 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The number of procedures, type of procedures, dose in milligrams, number of doses, major and minor adverse events, and vital signs were recorded. RESULTS: The difference in number of treatment sites, types of procedures, and total dose administered was not significant. There were minor but significant differences in the mean change in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale score before and after the procedure but not oxygen saturation. These vital sign changes were not clinically significant. There were zero major adverse events in both groups. There were 2 patients who became transiently hypoxic. CONCLUSION: Oral midazolam administration was not associated with major adverse events including in the more intensively monitored group. This supports its use as an anxiolytic for outpatient dermatologic procedures.

Opioid prescribing for acute postoperative pain after cutaneous surgery.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available to predict which patients require opioid analgesia following cutaneous surgery. When opioids are indicated, information regarding the optimal opioid agent selection and dosage is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To make recommendations for opioid prescription after cutaneous surgery. METHODS: A PubMed literature search was conducted to review the available literature. Recommendations are presented on the basis of available evidence and the opinion of the authors. RESULTS: Most patients undergoing cutaneous surgery do not require opioid analgesia. For those who do, the duration of pain warranting opioid analgesia is generally less than 36 hours. Opioid refill requests warrant a follow-up visit to ascertain the cause of ongoing pain after excisional procedures. LIMITATIONS: The recommendations are not based on prospective randomized trials. CONCLUSIONS: The presented recommendations for opioid prescription practice are derived from available evidence, recommendations, and expert opinion.

A new evidence-based risk stratification system for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma into low, intermediate, and high risk groups with implications for management.

Most primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are cured with surgery. A subset, however, may develop local and nodal metastasis that may eventuate in disease-specific; death. This subset has been variably termed high risk. Herein, we review; an emerging body of data on the risks of these outcomes and propose an evidence-based; risk stratification for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk tumors that takes into; account both tumor and patient characteristics. Finally, we discuss a framework for; management of these tumors on the basis of data, when available, and our; recommendations when data are sparse.

Surgical Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With Extramammary Paget Disease: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma occurring mainly in the anogenital region. Traditional management with wide local excision has shown high recurrence rates, thus Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has emerged as a promising treatment option. OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term outcomes after treatment with MMS or excision for primary EMPD. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Retrospective cohort review was conducted for 207 patients with EMPD treated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, between 1961 and 2012. RESULTS: Of the 25 patients treated with MMS, 19 primary tumors were included for outcome analysis, with an estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75-100) using Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Of 158 patients treated with local excision, 124 were included for the analysis, with an estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of 66% (95% CI, 56-78). The hazard ratio (HR) for association of treatment was 0.4 (95% CI, 0.10-1.65; p = .20). Estimated 5-year overall survival rates were 79% for MMS (95% CI, 61-100) and 68% for excision (95% CI, 59-78) (HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 0.69-2.82]; p = .36). CONCLUSION: Although treatment of primary EMPD with MMS versus excision did not show statistical difference, MMS demonstrated favorable long-term outcomes and was associated with a higher recurrence-free survival rate.

Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life Following Surgery for Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a progressive, recurrent inflammatory disorder. OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term satisfaction and postoperative perceptions among patients who underwent surgical management of HS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 499 HS surgical patients to assess surgical outcome, satisfaction, and quality of life. RESULTS: Of the 499 questionnaires mailed, 113 were returned (22.6% response rate) and 2 were excluded for redundancy. Of the 111 respondents, 65 (58.6%) were female, 91 (82.0%) had Hurley Stage III disease, 88 (79.3%) were treated with excision and 23 (20.7%) with unroofing, 45 (40.5%) had perianal or perineal disease, and 41 (36.9%) had axillary disease. Most patients were satisfied or very satisfied with their surgical results (84.7%; 94 of 111), were glad they underwent surgery (96.3%; 105 of 109), and would recommend surgery to a friend or relative (82.6%; 90 of 109). Most patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the appearance of their healed wound (62.4%; 68 of 109). Retrospective mean quality of life increased significantly from 5 preoperatively to 8.4 postoperatively (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Hidradenitis suppurativa surgical management was well regarded by patients and should be considered by future patients to limit the morbidity of HS.

A Comparison of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Wide Local Excision for Treatment of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans With Long-Term Follow-up: The Mayo Clinic Experience.

BACKGROUND: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a soft tissue tumor with slow infiltrative growth and local recurrence if inadequately excised. OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term outcomes after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and wide local excision (WLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of patients with DFSP surgically treated with WLE or MMS from January 1955 through March 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Mean follow-up for patients treated with MMS (n = 67) and WLE (n = 91) was 4.8 and 5.7 years, respectively. Twenty-eight patients (30.8%) with WLE had recurrence (mean, 4.4 years), whereas only 2 (3.0%) with MMS had recurrence (1.0 and 2.6 years). Recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years were significantly higher with MMS (p < .001). Mean preoperative lesion sizes were similar (5-6 cm) between the 2 groups, whereas mean (standard deviation) postoperative defect sizes were 10.7 (4.3) cm and 8.8 (5.5) cm for WLE and MMS, respectively (p = .004). Primary closure was used for 73% of MMS cases, whereas WLE more commonly used flaps, grafts, or other closures (52%). Two Mohs layers typically were required for margin control. CONCLUSION: Surgical excision with meticulous histologic evaluation of all surgical margins is needed for DFSP treatment to achieve long-term high cure rates and low morbidity.

Comparison of MITF and Melan-A Immunohistochemistry During Mohs Surgery for Lentigo Maligna-Type Melanoma In Situ and Lentigo Maligna Melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) with frozen section immunohistochemistry is a treatment option for malignant melanoma in situ (MMIS) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM). Melan-A is a cytoplasmic melanocyte immunostain useful on frozen sections but may lack specificity. Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) is a more specific nuclear melanocyte immunostain less frequently used in MMS. OBJECTIVE: To quantify melanocyte density in chronic sun-damaged skin (CSDS), negative margin, and tumor from patients undergoing MMS for MMIS and LMM using MITF and melan-A. METHODS: Sixteen patients with MMIS or LMM had frozen sections from CSDS, negative margin, and 12 tumor samples, stained with MITF and melan-A. Melanocyte counts were performed. RESULTS: Chronic sun-damaged skin mean melanocyte count (MMC) for MITF and melan-A was 9.8 and 13.7, respectively, (p < .001). Negative margin MMC for MITF and melan-A was 8.84 and 14.06, respectively, (p < .001). Tumor MMC for MITF and melan-A was 63.5 and 62.4, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although both MITF and melan-A facilitate the identification of tumor during MMS for MMIS and LMM, the apparent melanocyte density on tumor-free CSDS appears higher with melan-A than MITF. Microphthalmia transcription factor provides a crisp outline of melanocyte nuclei and is a useful alternative stain to melan-A for MMS of melanoma.

Surgical Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Outcomes of 590 Consecutive Patients.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa is a progressive, recurrent inflammatory disease. Surgical management is potentially curative with limited efficacy data. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hidradenitis surgical patients. METHODS: Retrospective review of outcomes of 590 consecutive surgically treated patients. RESULTS: Most patients were white (91.0% [435/478]), men (337 [57.1%]), smokers (57.7% [297/515]) with Hurley Stage III disease (476 [80.7%]). Procedure types were excision (405 [68.6%]), unroofing (168 [28.5%]), and drainage (17 [2.9%]) treating disease of perianal/perineum (294 [49.8%]), axilla (124 [21.0%]), gluteal cleft (76 [12.9%]), inframammary (12 [2.0%]), and multiple surgical sites (84 [14.2%]). Postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients (2.5%) and one-fourth (144 [24.4%]) suffered postoperative recurrence, which necessitated reoperation in one-tenth (69 [11.7%]) of patients. Recurrence risk was increased by younger age (hazard ratio [HR], 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-0.9), multiple surgical sites (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5), and drainage-type procedures (HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2-10.7). Operative location, disease severity, gender, and operative extent did not influence recurrence rate. CONCLUSION: Excision and unroofing procedures were effective treatments with infrequent complications and low recurrence rates. Well-planned surgical treatment aiming to remove or unroof the area of intractable hidradenitis suppurativa was highly effective in the management of this challenging disease.

Increased incidence and recurrence rates of nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a Rochester Epidemiology Project population-based study in Minnesota.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous malignancy is associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify the incidence and recurrence rate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS: NMSC incidence was calculated and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations with risk of recurrence for patients with NHL between 1976 and 2005 who were in the Rochester Epidemiology Project research infrastructure. RESULTS: We identified 282 patients with CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma and 435 with non-CLL NHL. The incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was 1829.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1306.7-2491.1) and 2224.9 (95% CI 1645.9-2941.6), respectively, in patients with CLL. The cumulative recurrence rate at 8 years after treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery was 8.3% (95% CI 0.0%-22.7%) for basal cell carcinoma and 13.4% (95% CI 0.0%-25.5%) for squamous cell carcinoma in patients with CLL. LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective cohort study. CONCLUSIONS: After Mohs micrographic surgery and standard excision of NMSC, patients with NHL had a skin cancer recurrence rate that was higher than expected. Careful treatment and monitoring of patients with NHL and NMSC are warranted.

Frozen section diagnosis for non-melanoma skin cancers: correlation with permanent section diagnosis.

Frozen section pathology is routinely used for margin assessment of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Frozen section can also be used for the primary diagnosis of several skin lesions. Limited data exist on the accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of NMSC. We performed a retrospective chart review of 300 cases in which frozen section diagnoses were compared with permanent section diagnoses of NMSC. Frozen section and permanent section pathology were concordant 83.3% of the time, with the highest concordance rates noted for basal cell carcinoma (145/153, 95%). Our results show a high level of concordance between frozen section and corresponding permanent section pathology diagnosis for NMSC. The rapidity of frozen section tissue processing and pathology reporting makes this technique useful in dermatologic practice for immediate diagnosis and management of NMSC. Further studies should explore strategies to decrease or eliminate discrepancies between frozen and permanent section diagnosis.

Consensus for nonmelanoma skin cancer treatment: basal cell carcinoma, including a cost analysis of treatment methods.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in the US population affecting approximately 2.8 million people per year. Basal cell carcinomas are usually slow-growing and rarely metastasize, but they do cause localized tissue destruction, compromised function, and cosmetic disfigurement. OBJECTIVE: To provide clinicians with guidelines for the management of BCC based on evidence from a comprehensive literature review, and consensus among the authors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extensive review of the medical literature was conducted to evaluate the optimal treatment methods for cutaneous BCC, taking into consideration cure rates, recurrence rates, aesthetic and functional outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of the procedures. RESULTS: Surgical approaches provide the best outcomes for BCCs. Mohs micrographic surgery provides the highest cure rates while maximizing tissue preservation, maintenance of function, and cosmesis. CONCLUSION: Mohs micrographic surgery is an efficient and cost-effective procedure and remains the treatment of choice for high-risk BCCs and for those in cosmetically sensitive locations. Nonsurgical modalities may be used for low-risk BCCs when surgery is contraindicated or impractical, but the cure rates are lower.

Outcomes of basal cell carcinomas directly invading the parotid gland.

BACKGROUND: Parotid involvement by basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is rare, and therefore management is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To review the treatment and outcomes of patients with BCC involving the parotid by direct infiltration. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The authors performed a retrospective chart review of BCC cases involving the parotid. RESULTS: From 1994 to 2007, there were 19 cases of BCC involving the parotid gland by direct extension. Nine were primary tumors, and 10 recurrent (nonprimary). Eight tumors were treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), and 11 with wide local excision (WLE). One patient died of unrelated causes 5 months after treatment, and 2 did not follow up. The remaining 16 cases had an average follow-up of 55.2 months (range, 18-112 months). No primary BCC recurred after treatment. Six of 10 nonprimary BCC (60%) recurred, 2 of 10 metastasized, and 1 of 10 died of metastatic BCC. Two recurrences occurred after MMS, and 4 occurred after WLE with or without parotidectomy. CONCLUSION: Mohs micrographic surgery or WLE with intra-operative margin control seems to be an acceptable first-line treatment for primary BCC involving the parotid. Recurrent BCC involving the parotid gland through direct infiltration has high rates of future recurrence, and adjuvant treatment may be required.

Upstaging From Melanoma in Situ to Invasive Melanoma on the Head and Neck After Complete Surgical Resection.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma in situ (MIS) diagnosed from a subtotal biopsy may be upstaged to invasive melanoma after resection. The frequency of this phenomenon is markedly variable. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the rate of upstaging MIS on the head and neck after resection at this institution, characterize the location of the invasive component relative to the clinically evident lesion, and determine the rate of upstaging with time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed clinical records of adult patients with a preoperative diagnosis of MIS on the head and neck from January 1994 to August 2012. Patient and tumor characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 624 patients met the inclusion criteria and 24 (4%) were upstaged after resection. Four patients had invasive disease beyond the clinically evident lesion. The annual percentage of upstaged lesions seemed to show an increasing trend with time. CONCLUSION: Upstaging of MIS on the head and neck occurs at a relatively low rate that may be increasing with time. Invasive components of lentigo maligna melanoma may exist beyond the clinically evident margins. Histological examination of the maximal amount of the surgical specimen is paramount for optimal staging and treatment of MIS.

Complications With New Oral Anticoagulants Dabigatran and Rivaroxaban in Cutaneous Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant medications to date are not associated with increased risk of severe life-threatening complications during cutaneous surgery. Dabigatran and rivaroxaban are new orally administered anticoagulants that do not require laboratory monitoring and have no available specific antidotes, making perioperative management more complex. To the authors' knowledge, published data on the use of dabigatran or rivaroxaban in patients undergoing cutaneous surgery are limited. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to study perioperative complications associated with dabigatran and rivaroxaban during cutaneous surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart analysis was performed for all patients who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery or basic excision while taking dabigatran or rivaroxaban between January 1, 2010, and September 1, 2013, at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients taking dabigatran underwent 41 cutaneous surgeries, with only 1 mild bleeding complication observed that was remedied with a pressure dressing. Four patients on rivaroxaban underwent 5 cutaneous surgeries without complication. CONCLUSION: Because no patients on dabigatran or rivaroxaban experienced severe hemorrhagic complications during cutaneous surgery, a strategy of continuing these medically necessary medications during cutaneous surgery seems reasonable.

Comparison of full-thickness skin grafts versus second-intention healing for Mohs defects of the helix.

BACKGROUND: Two repair options for Mohs defects of the helix include full-thickness skin grafting and second-intention healing. Limited long-term data exist comparing these 2 repair options. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of full-thickness skin grafts (FTSG) versus second-intention wound healing for Mohs defects on the helix. METHODS: In this study, 29 second-intention and 18 FTSG repairs were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Patient questionnaires and retrospective chart analysis were used to assess secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The average second-intention VAS score was 82.1 (standard deviation [SD] = 7.6), and the average FTSG VAS score was 75.2 (SD = 16.7) (difference of 6.9, 95% confidence interval: -1.3 to 15.1, p = .061). A subsequent noninferiority test indicated that cosmetic outcome of second-intention healing was at least as good as that of FTSG in the authors' study (p < .001). Retrospective chart analysis revealed no significant difference in complications. Patient-reported outcomes were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Mohs surgical defects of the helix left to heal by second-intention have comparable long-term cosmetic outcomes to those repaired by FTSG. There was no significant difference in complications, and patients were highly satisfied with both repair options.

Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of hidradenocarcinoma: the Mayo Clinic experience from 1993 to 2013.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare malignant adnexal neoplasm with reported metastatic potential and undefined optimal treatment. OBJECTIVE: To review clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with HAC treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective chart review of patients with HAC treated by MMS at Mayo Clinic from 1993 to 2013, recording patient demographics, tumor characteristics, MMS stages to clearance, follow-up, recurrence, metastasis, and mortality. RESULTS: Ten patients underwent MMS for HAC more than 20 years. The average age was 62.8 years, with 6 females and 4 males. Occipital scalp was the most common location (40%), followed by extremities (30%) and face (20%). In 5 of 7 cases (71%), "cyst" was the working clinical diagnosis. The average preoperative lesion area was 3.18 cm, with an average of 1.5 MMS stages required for clearance. Mean postoperative follow-up was 7 years (range, 5-205 months). No tumors treated with MMS recurred, metastasized, or led to disease-related mortality. CONCLUSION: Mohs micrographic surgery seems to be a useful treatment modality for HAC. This is the largest reported series of HAC treated with MMS with long-term follow-up.