Race and ethnicity expression in reproductive endocrinology and infertility research studies compared with other obstetrics and gynecology subspecialty studies.

Objective: To compare the percentage of patients per race and ethnicity group in the most cited reproductive endocrinology and infertility studies with the most cited studies in 3 other obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) subspecialties: gynecologic oncology, urogynecology (URO), and maternal-fetal medicine. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Not applicable. Patients: Patients previously recruited in research studies. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Expression of minorities in research studies. Results: Individual searches were conducted for the most cited articles in OBGYN subspecialties until 50 studies met the inclusion criteria for each OBGYN subspecialty. A total of 29,821,148 patients were included and compared between subspecialty and US Census data. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility studies had the highest percentage of White patients (80.5%), although URO studies had fewer Black patients (6.6%) compared with other subspecialties. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility studies had the lowest percentage of Hispanic patients (4.9%), yet more Asian patients were present in URO studies (3.3%) than in other subspecialties. Gynecologic oncology studies were most likely to have missing data in race expression (19.3%). Comparing study types, retrospective studies had the highest percentage of White patients (61.9%), although randomized controlled trials had the lowest expression of Hispanic patients (8.8%). Conclusions: Reproductive endocrinology and infertility studies featured the highest rates of White patients compared with other OBGYN subspecialty studies, although URO studies had the lowest rates of Black patients. Randomized controlled trials featured higher rates of White patients and lower levels of Hispanic patients compared with US Census data.

Vertebral artery dissection in relation to pregnancy: a case series and literature review.

Cervical artery dissection is an uncommon condition for which pregnancy and postpartum states confer increased risk. Although the majority of patients with this condition fully recover, including resolution of the dissection on imaging, long-term sequelae include a variety of cardiovascular conditions that may be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Here, we review 2 cases of vertebral artery dissection in relation to pregnancy. Our first case will review the management of a pregnant patient with a history of vertebral artery dissection; whereas our second case reviews a presentation of postpartum vertebral artery dissection. Providers should maintain a high suspicion of cervical artery dissection in pregnant and postpartum patients presenting with headache and neck pain.

Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide causing a variety of benign and malignant conditions. A significant portion of the global population is infected with HPV, with the virus attributed to causing up to 5% of cancers worldwide. Bivalent, quadrivalent, and nine-valent vaccinations exist to aid in the prevention of these diseases and have been proven to be effective at preventing both benign and malignant disease. While vaccination is readily accessible in more developed countries, barriers exist to worldwide distribution and acceptance of vaccination. Vaccination and screening of HPV infection when used in combination are proven and predicted to decrease HPV related pathology. Improvements in vaccination formulations, for treatment as well as prevention, are actively being sought from a variety of mechanisms. Despite these advancements, and the data supporting their efficacy, there has been substantial delay in obtaining adequate vaccination coverage. In reviewing these challenges and looking forward to new vaccine development-especially within the current pandemic-it is clear from the challenges of HPV we require methods to more effectively encourage vaccination, ways to dispel vaccination myths as they occur, and implement better processes for vaccine distribution globally.

Effects of different frozen embryo transfer regimens on abnormalities of fetal weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Reported increases in maternal and perinatal morbidity (including macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), cesarean section, hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy) following frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles may be associated with the lack of a corpus luteum seen in programmed FET. Given the growing number of studies comparing outcomes between natural FET and programmed FET cycles, a meta-analysis would prove useful to detect the presence of abnormalities in fetal birth weight in patients undergoing natural and programmed FET cycles. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of natural versus programmed methods of endometrial preparation for FET cycles on fetal weight and the risks of LGA and macrosomia. SEARCH METHODS: A literature search using MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and clinicaltrials.gov was conducted for published research comparing neonatal outcomes in natural FET and programmed FET cycles. Primary outcomes of interest were fetal weight, macrosomia and LGA. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: study contained cohorts of NFET and programmed FET with outcome data of birth weight, large for gestational data and/or macrosomia. The data are presented as average weight and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) with fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis between cohorts of NFET and programmed FET cycles. Bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale for the 14 included studies. Multiple subgroup analyses were performed to assess for effect of the true natural cycle (defined as no ovulation trigger medication use) and the day of embryo transfer on fetal weight parameters compared with programmed cycle FET. OUTCOMES: A total of 879 studies were identified, with 15 meeting inclusion the criteria. The studies varied with respect to country of origin, definition of natural cycle FET and type of progesterone supplementation used. The included studies had similar gestational ages at the time of birth. Programmed FET cycles resulted in a higher fetal weight compared with natural FET cycles (mean difference 47.38 gp = 0.04). Programmed FET cycles were also at higher risk for macrosomia (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.26) and LGA (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19) compared with natural FET cycles. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that programmed FET cycles resulted in a higher fetal weight compared with true natural FET (mean difference 62.18 gp = 0.0001) cycles. Cleavage stage embryo transfers had an increased risk of LGA (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00-1.62) and an increased risk of macrosomia (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08-1.44) in programmed FET cycles compared with natural FET cycles. Blastocyst transfer in programmed FET cycles resulted in no difference in risk of macrosomia but an increased risk of LGA (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.21) compared with natural FET cycles. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: Programmed endometrial preparation for FET cycles had a significant effect, causing increased fetal birth weight and increased risks of LGA and macrosomia. The numbers of studies in the subgroup analyses were too low to determine reliable results. Further prospective randomized trials are needed to determine whether the changes seen in the observational trials are indeed accurate.