High-Resolution Typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis Based on Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing To Investigate the Hospital Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Clones.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a pathogen emerging worldwide as a leading cause of health care-associated infections. A standardized high-resolution typing method to document transmission and dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis strains is needed. Our aim was to provide a core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme for S. epidermidis to improve the international surveillance of S. epidermidis We defined a cgMLST scheme based on 699 core genes and used it to investigate the population structure of the species and the genetic relatedness of isolates recovered from infants hospitalized in several wards of a French hospital. Our results show the long-lasting endemic persistence of S. epidermidis clones within and across wards of hospitals and demonstrate the ability of our cgMLST approach to identify and track these clones. We made the scheme publicly available through the Institut Pasteur BIGSdb server (http://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/epidermidis/). This tool should enable international harmonization of the epidemiological surveillance of multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis clones. By comparing gene distribution among infection and commensal isolates, we also confirmed the association of the mecA locus with infection isolates and of the fdh gene with commensal isolates. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT03374371.).

INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE ASSURES STABLE ANAESTHESIA NEEDED FOR LONG-TERM SURGERY IN THE ARGENTINE TEGU SALVATOR MERIANAE.

To define a protocol of anesthesia for long-duration invasive surgery in a lizard, eight young adult Argentine tegus ( Salvator merianae) of mean body weight 3.0 kg (interquartile range [IQR] 3.40-2.65) were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (K) and medetomidine (M) at 19°C, injected intramuscularly and equally distributed in the four limbs. As the experimental surgery procedure required a prolonged deep anesthesia with a good myorelaxation (between 16 and 21 hr), reinjections were required and reflexes were checked during surgery. Times for anesthetic induction, anesthetic reinjection, and recovery periods were recorded for five different combinations of ketamine-medetomidine: 1) 66 mg/kg K + 100 µg/kg M; 2) 80 mg/kg K + 100 µg/kg M; 3) 100 mg/kg K + 130 µg/kg M; 4) 125 mg/kg K + 200 µg/kg M; and 5) 150 mg/kg K + 200 µg/kg M. The effect on the recovery speed of the postoperative atipamezole injection was also evaluated. The median induction time was 30 (IQR 35-27.5) min with no statistical difference between all the concentrations tested. The first reinjection of half a dose was administered after a mean of 5 hr (5.64 hr, IQR 5.95-4.84) as were the subsequent reinjections of a quarter dose (3.99 hr, IQR 5.98-3.23). Intramuscular administration of the ketamine-medetomidine combination is a simple, rapid, and efficient anesthesia for long-term surgery (>12 hr). A mix of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 200 µg/kg medetomidine, with reinjections every 4 hr of half a dose of the previous injection can maintain a good quality of anesthesia for at least 16 hr. The injection of atipamezole after the surgery reverses the effects of medetomidine and permits a reduction of the recovery period.

ONEIROS, a new miniature standalone device for recording sleep electrophysiology, physiology, temperatures and behavior in the lab and field.

BACKGROUND: Sleep is an inactive state of reduced environmental awareness shared by all animals. When compared to wakefulness, sleep behavior is associated with changes in physiology and brain activity. The nature of these changes varies considerably across species, and therefore is a rich resource for gaining insight into the evolution and functions of sleep. A major obstacle to capitalizing on this resource is the lack of a small device capable of recording multiple biological parameters for extended periods of time both in the laboratory and the field. NEW METHOD: ONEIROS is a new tool designed for conducting sleep research on small, freely moving animals. The miniature, standalone system is capable of recording up to 26 electrophysiological signals (electroencephalogram, electromyogram, electrooculogram, electrocardiogram), metabolic (3 temperature channels) and behavior via an accelerometer for several days. In addition, the device is equipped with a vibrating motor which can be used to assess arousal thresholds and to disrupt sleep. The system is available in telemetric or data-logger configuration useable in the field. RESULTS: To demonstrate the efficacy of this tool, we simultaneously recorded for the first time, electroencephalogram, hippocampal local field potential, electromyogram, electrooculogram, brain, body and ambient temperature, and 3D accelerometry. We also deprived rats of paradoxical sleep by triggering the vibrating motor after online recognition of the state. Finally, by successfully recording a pigeon in an 8 m3 aviary in a social context with the device in the logger configuration, we demonstrate the feasibility of using the device in the field.