[Dietary changes in males from adolescence to adulthood: results of a 28-year prospective study].

Dietary pattern usually changes with age; however, certain dietary habits may remain constant. The goal of this study was to analyze dynamic changes in the dietary pattern of males from adolescence to adulthood during a 28-year prospective follow-up. Material and methods. Initially, a representative population sample of 1,005 boys aged 11 to 12 years (mean age 11.9±0.1 years) was examined. Four visits were performed at the ages of 15, 17, 22 and 43. Assessment of actual dietary pattern was carried out by the 24-hour dietary recall method. Results. It was discovered that dietary pattern was changing with age as follows: proportions (Δ%) of meats [M (95% confidence interval)] 2.4 (-0.5-5.3), fish and seafood 1.5 (0.4-2.7), eggs 0.8 (0.1-1.5), and vegetable oils 0.3 (0.1-0.5) were increasing with age, whereas the proportions of animal fats -1.0 [-1.4…-0.6], bread and bakery -2.8 [-5.5…-0.1], sweets and confectionery -2.6 [-4.8…-0.5] were decreasing. We also observed a trend of increased consumption of fruits and fruit juices [Δ=4.9 (1.5-8.4)%]. The magnitudes of the tracking coefficients (correlation coefficients) between the initial (at the age of 15 years) values of the contributions of the main food groups to the total weight of the daily diet and their values at subsequent stages of prospective study showed that eating habits, as a certain dietary pattern, are relatively stable only in adolescence. Conclusion. Over 28 years of prospective observation of males, from adolescence to adulthood, their eating patterns underwent significant changes, which must be taken into account when developing preventive measures aimed at correcting unhealthy dietary patterns in children and adolescents, and at transition to a balanced diet.

[Relationship between carotid artery intima media thickness and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in young men].

Positive correlation between age, leading risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) has been shown in numerous studies. Contingent of the present work was a part of long term cohort study initiated in 1983. We included in analysis data from 233 men in 120 of whom we measured IMT of right and left common carotid arteries. Other examinations included use of standard questionnaire for detection of CVD risk factors, measurement of blood serum lipid and glucose levels, arterial pressure, pulse, body mass and length, waist and hip circumferences (WC, HC), skin fold thicknesses on triceps, abdomen and forearm. We found that carotid artery IMT was related to hereditary load by CVD along paternal line. Substantial influence on the realization of unfavorable inheritance exerted level of systolic arterial pressure. Difference in magnitude of carotid artery IMT between groups of men with normal body mass and obesity were conditioned by variations in severity of abdominal obesity (WC/HC). IMT of carotid arteries in men directly depended on magnitude of their abdominal obesity and age.

[Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: long term results of five year long preventive intervention in 12-year old boys (ten year prospective study)].

In a longitudinal cohort (prevention group, n=213, comparison group, n=163) of 10-year prospective follow-up we addressed efficacy of 5-year-long multifactor preventive intervention, conducted in a sample of population of 12 year old boys. Preventive intervention was carried out both at populational level and among persons with risk factors of development of cardiovascular diseases with the use of group, individual, and partly family approaches, and was directed at rationalization of nutrition, elevation of physical activity and prevention of harmful habits. During first 3 years of prevention we succeeded to achieve stable statistically significant lowering of mean levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and atherogeneity index, as well as to affect fatty component of body mass (skinfold thickness). Long term effect of 5-year long preventive intervention manifested as significantly lower level of systolic blood pressure, lower prevalence of low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, smaller increment of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and index of atherogeneity in the prevention group. These results evidence that prevention of main factors of risk of development of cardiovascular diseases (obesity, arterial hypertension, disorders of lipid composition of the blood, and low physical activity) in child and adolescent age in the period of active growth and development is feasible, effective, safe and is able to lead to decrease of levels of these factors in adults, but should last uninterruptedly until formation of stable habits of healthy life style.

[Phenotypic variability and correlation between skinfold thickness and arterial pressure level]. / Fenotipicheskaia izmenhivost' i vzaimosviaz' tolshchiny kozhnoi skladki i urovnia arterial'nogo davleniia.

Contribution of genetic and environmental factors in phenotypic variability of blood pressure level and skinfold thickness, and phenotypic correlation between these characters was calculated on the basis of familial correlations. It was shown that genetic determinant explains considerable portion of blood pressure level and skinfold thickness variability. Among common environmental effects, the factors affecting one generation are important with regard to variability of these characters. Maternal effect is expressed in the variability of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Correlation between blood pressure level and triceps skinfold thickness is determined by genetic factors, whereas that between blood pressure level and subscapular skinfold thickness is mediated by environmental factors. The results obtained may be applied in populational prevention of cardiovascular disease.

[The role of genetic and environmental factors in phenotypic variability of arterial pressure and body weight and their interconnection (a family study)]. / Rol' geneticheskikh i sredovykh faktorov i fenotipicheskoi izmenchivosti arterial'nogo davleniia i massy tela i v ikh vzaimosviazi.

Contribution of genetic and environmental factors into phenotypic variability of blood pressure and body mass as well as into phenotypic correlation between these traits was defined. It was shown that additive genetic determinant is responsible for considerable level of blood pressure and body mass variability. Those common environmental factors are of importance which operate within the limits of one generation. Maternal effect of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability is negligible. The correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is determined both by environmental and genetic factors, whereas that between blood pressure and body mass is mediated by only environmental factors. The contribution of environmental factors into correlation between blood pressure and body mass lessens with age. The results obtained may be applied in development of population and individual programmes for preventing cardiovascular diseases.

[Role of genetic and environmental factors in the determination of body weight and skinfold thickness in children having different blood pressure (a familial study)]. / Rol' geneticheskikh i sredovykh faktorov v determinatsii massy tela i tolshchiny kozhnykh skladok u detei s raznym urovnem arterial'nogo davleniia (semeinoe issledovanie).

Based on intrafamilial correlations, a component genetic analysis was used to evaluate the contribution made by genetic and environmental factors to variance in body weight and skin fold thickness in children who had various blood pressure. In children with initially elevated and normal blood pressures, the phenotypic variation in the body weight and adipopexia is largely determined by genetic factors, whereas in those with initially lower blood pressure, the phenotypic variation in the above parameters is greatly affected by environmental factors, mainly by those of occasional nature. The findings provide evidence for a differential approach to the primary prevention of hyper- and hypotension in children and adolescents.

[Nutrition of boys aged 14-15 years from 2 regions of Moscow]. / Osobennosti pitaniia mal'chikov 14-15 let dvukh raionov Moskvy.

Representative sampling of boys (n-577) aged 14-15 years was used to study their nutrition structure. The results obtained have evidenced the atherogenic character of nutrition due to insufficient consumption of vegetable oils, complex carbohydrates, excessive consumption of animal fats and sugar. These data can be used as the basis of nutrition correction for prevention of such risk factors of atherosclerosis as arterial hypertension, excessive body mass, dyslipoproteinemia.

[Possibilities of correcting atherogenic trends of the diet in l4-15-year-old boys]. / Vozmozhnosti korrektsii aterogennoi napravlennosti pishchevykh ratsionov mal'chikov 14-15 let.

In a representative sample of boys aged 14-15 daily diet compositions have been modeled followed by 2-year preventive correction of expected atherogenic shifts in the above boys' nutrition. The correction did not imply changes in daily diet overall caloric value, but the intake of refined sugar was to be reduced with an increase in the intake of other carbohydrates and decrease in saturated fatty acids. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in daily diets was made greater. The highest effect was achieved in the boys who had not only changed their diet qualitatively, but also made their meals more frequent that is adopted dietary regimen with meals 3-4 times a day.

[The role of genetic and environmental factors in serum lipid changes in children with various levels of arterial blood pressure (a family study)]. / Rol' geneticheskikh i sredovykh faktorov v izmenchivosti soderzhaniia lipidov syvorotki krovi u detei s raznymi urovniami arterial'nogo davleniia (semeinoe issledovanie).

Blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured in proband children with different levels of arterial pressure and in their relatives in the populational familial study. Based on intrafamilial correlations the component analysis of the phenotypic dispersion of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations was performed. Qualitative and quantitative differences were shown to exist in genetic and environmental determinants of lipids and lipoproteins in the families of probands with low, high and normal levels of arterial pressure.

Factors determining arterial blood pressure in childhood.

As part of a programme designed to determine precursors of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis in children and adolescents, a cross-sectional study involving the groups of families whose children had different baseline arterial pressure levels was conducted. An association between the level of arterial pressure in the children and the blood pressure levels and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in their first-degree relatives was found. The most informative signs for decreased and increased arterial blood pressure levels in children were identified. The findings should be taken into account when selecting groups of children who require close medical surveillance.

[Role of genetic and environmental factors in determination of arterial blood pressure level]. / Rol' geneticheskikh i sredovykh faktorov v determinatsii urovnia arterial'nogo davleniia.

Three groups of families with different initial levels of arterial pressure in proband children were examined. The relationship was established between the levels of arterial pressure in children and those in their relatives of the first degree of kinship. Based on intrafamilial correlations, the phenotypic dispersion of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure was analyzed. It has been shown that as compared to the genetic factors, the environmental factors play a greater role in arterial pressure variability.