Targeting senescent HDF with the USP7 inhibitor P5091 to enhance DFU wound healing through the p53 pathway.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the potential of USP7 as a target for senolytic therapy and to investigate the molecular mechanism by which its inhibitor selectively induced apoptosis in senescent HDF and enhanced DFU wound healing. METHODS: Clinical samples of DFU were collected to detect the expression of USP7 and aging-related proteins using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. In addition, ß-galactosidase staining, qPCR, flow cytometry, ROS and MMP kits, and Western blot were used to analyze the biological functions of P5091 on senescence, cycle, and apoptosis. RNAseq was employed to further analyze the molecular mechanism of P5091. Finally, the DFU rat model was established to evaluate the effect of P5091 on wound healing. RESULTS: The expression of USP7 and p21 were increased in DFU clinical samples. After treatment with d-glucose (30 mM, 7 days), ß-galactosidase staining was deepened, proliferation rate decreased. USP7 inhibitors (P5091) could reduce the release of SASP factors, activate the production of ROS, and reduce MMP. In addition, it induced apoptosis and selectively clears senescent cells through the p53 signaling pathway. Finally, P5091 can improve diabetic wound healing in rats. CONCLUSION: This study clarified the molecular mechanism of USP7 inhibitor (P5091) selectively inducing apoptosis of high glucose senescent HDF cells. This provides a new senolytics target and experimental basis for promoting DFU wound healing.

Upregulation of microRNA-210 regulates renal angiogenesis mediated by activation of VEGF signaling pathway under ischemia/perfusion injury in vivo and in vitro.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding, small RNAs that regulate gene expression and function, but little is known about regulation of miRNAs in the kidneys under normal or pathologic conditions. Here, we sought to investigate the potential involvement of miRNAs in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and angiogenesis and to define some of the miRNAs possibly associated with renal angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male Balb/c mice were subjected to a standard renal I/R. CD31 immunostaining indicated a significant increase of microvessels in the ischemic region. VEGF and VEGFR2 expression were increased in renal I/R at both the mRNA and protein levels which were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. More importantly, 76 microRNAs exhibited more than 2-fold changes using Agilent microRNA microarray, which contains downregulation of 40 miRNAs and upregulation of 36 miRNAs. Upregulation of miR-210 was confirmed by qRT-PCR with prominent changes at 4 and 24 h after reperfusion. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-210 in HUVEC-12 cells enhances VEGF and VEGFR2 expression and promotes angiogenesis on Matrigel in vitro. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest miR-210 may be involved in targeting the VEGF signaling pathway to regulate angiogenesis after renal I/R injury, which provides novel insights into the angiogenesis mechanism of renal I/R injury.

Topical administration of pterostilbene accelerates burn wound healing in diabetes through activation of the HIF1α signaling pathway.

Impaired wound healing is one of a variety of severe diabetic complications and involves many factors, including consistent oxidative stress, prolonged inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and delayed re-epithelialization. Despite the severe negative impacts that impaired wound healing has on patients' lives, detailed mechanisms and effective therapies are still not fully developed. In this study, we aim to investigate the potential effects and mechanisms of topical administration of pterostilbene and resveratrol on burn wound healing in diabetes. Our in vitro experiments in human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed that long term exposure of hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and suppression of hypoxia inducible factor1α (HIF1α) signaling pathway, and pterostilbene treatment completely, while resveratrol treatment partly, reversed this effect. Further in vivo experiments in diabetic rats showed that topical administration of pterostilbene exhibited stronger efficacy than resveratrol in normalizing oxidative stress, HIF1α activity, and accelerating burn wound healing in diabetes. We conclude that topical administration of pterostilbene accelerates burn wound healing in diabetes through activation of the HIF1α signaling pathway; thus, pterostilbene may be a potential candidate for clinical treatment of burn wound healing in diabetes.

Long non-­coding RNA SNHG16 functions as a tumor activator by sponging miR­373­3p to regulate the TGF­ß­R2/SMAD pathway in prostate cancer.

Long non­coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa) as competitive endogenous RNA. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mech--anisms of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) in the proliferation and metastasis of PCa cells. Cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 80 patients with PCa who did not receive any treatment. Reverse transcription­quantitative PCR analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of SNHG16, hsa­microRNA (miRNA/miR)­373­3p and transforming growth factor­ß receptor type 2 (TGF­ß­R2), and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis was performed to assess the correlations between these molecules. Furthermore, the effects of SNHG16 knockdown and overexpression on the biological functions of DU­145 PCa cells and TGF­ß­R2/SMAD signaling were analyzed. The dual­luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess the associations between SNHG16 and miR­373­3p, and TGF­ß­R2 and miR­373­3p, the effects of which were verified via rescue experiments. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of SNHG16 and TGF­ß­R2 were significantly upregulated in PCa tissues, whereas miR­373­3p expression was significantly downregulated (P<0.001). In addition, negative correlations were observed between SNHG16 and miR­373­3p (rho, ­0.631) and miR­373­3p and TGF­ß­R2 (rho, ­0.516). Overexpression of SNHG16 significantly promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells (P<0.05), and significantly increased the protein expression levels of TGF­ß­R2, phosphorylated (p)­SMAD2, p­SMAD3, c­Myc and E2F4 (P<0.001). Notably, the results revealed that miR­373­3p is a target of SNHG16, and miR­373­3p knockdown rescued short hairpin (sh)­SNHG16­suppressed cellular functions by promoting TGF­ß­R2/SMAD signaling. The results also revealed that miR­373­3p targets TGF­ß­R2. Notably, transfection with miR­373­3p inhibitor rescued sh­TGF­ß­R2­suppressed cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that SNHG16 promotes the proliferation and migration of PCa cells by targeting the miR­373­3p/TGF­ß­R2/SMAD axis.

Pterostilbene accelerates wound healing by modulating diabetes-induced estrogen receptor ß suppression in hematopoietic stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Delayed wound healing is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by prolonged inflammation, delayed re-epithelialization and consistent oxidative stress, although the detailed mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role and effect of pterostilbene (PTE) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) on diabetic wound healing. METHODS: Diabetic rats were used to measure the epigenetic changes in both HSCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A cutaneous burn injury was induced in the rats and PTE-treated diabetic HSCs were transplanted for evaluation of wound healing. In addition, several biomedical parameters, including gene expression, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and inflammation in macrophages, were also measured. RESULTS: Our data showed that PTE had a much stronger effect than resveratrol on accelerating diabetic wound healing, likely because PTE can ameliorate diabetes-induced epigenetic changes to estrogen receptor ß promoter in HSCs, while resveratrol cannot. Further investigation showed that bone marrow transplantation of PTE-treated diabetic HSCs restores diabetes-induced suppression of estrogen receptor ß and its target genes, including nuclear respiratory factor-1 and superoxide dismutase 2, and protects against diabetes-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in both PBMCs and macrophages, subsequently accelerating cutaneous wound healing. CONCLUSIONS: HSC may play an important role in wound healing through transferring epigenetic modifications to subsequent PBMCs and macrophages by differentiation, while PTE accelerates diabetic wound healing by modulating diabetes-induced epigenetic changes in HSCs. Thus, PTE may be a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing.

Resveratrol accelerates wound healing by attenuating oxidative stress-induced impairment of cell proliferation and migration.

BACKGROUND: Impaired wound healing, which is due to various external and internal factors that are involved in wound pathophysiology, leads to high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oxidative stress injury is an important factor that affects wound healing by changing the whole healing process. So, resveratrol, a dietary fruits polyphenol, which is known for its antioxidant properties, maybe the candidate to accelerate the wound-healing process. METHODS: The Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was used for in vitro experiments to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on hyperglycemia-induced gene expression, oxidative stress and cell proliferation. The diabetic rat model was used to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on cutaneous burn injury healing process. RESULTS: Increases in H2O2 decreased cell viability with the 0-800 µM concentration range, and resveratrol could protect HUVECs against H2O2-induced injury. The scratched wound closed rate in H2O2 group was significantly smaller than the Control group (p < 0.05) and Resveratrol + H2O2 group (p < 0.05). The fluorescence intensity of ROS was lower in Control and Resveratrol + H2O2 groups than H2O2 group. Correspondingly, compared to H2O2 group, the expressions of Mn-SOD and nuclear Nrf2 (N-Nrf2) was up-regulated in Resveratrol + H2O2 group (p < 0.05). In vivo, compared with the saline group, using resveratrol could significantly accelerate wound healing of rats on Day 14 (p < 0.05) and make the regenerated skin structure more complete and inflammatory response lower. Moreover, the expressions of Mn-SOD was significantly up-regulated after using resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol has the positive effects on promoting the acceleration and quality of skin wound healing, which maybe at least in part caused by the up-regulation of nuclear Nrf2 and Mn-SOD that subsequently attenuated oxidative stress.

PIWIL2 may serve as a prognostic predictor in cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: PIWIL2, one of the PIWI gene subfamily, is now thought to be closely related to poor clinical outcomes in various cancers. The aim of this research was to comprehensively estimate its predictive value in the prognosis of cancer patients. METHODS: We thoroughly searched PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases for eligible articles published until April 4th 2019, in which the association between cancer prognosis and PIWIL2 expression level was studied. Study qualities were assessed using NOS criteria. We performed analyses by Stata SE 12.0 and RevMan 5.3. The primary endpoints contained overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: Ten studies containing 2116 patients with 8 various solid cancers were finally included. The outcomes indicated that cancer patients with higher PIWIL2 expression level had significant shorter OS (HR:2.20, 95%CI:1.25-3.88, p=0.006), DFS/RFS/MFS (HR:2.96, 95%CI:1.68-5.23, p<0.001), CSS (HR: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.40-3.23, p<0.001) than cancer patients with lower PIWIL2 expression level. What's more, PIWIL2 over-expression was significantly correlated to more lymph node metastasis (LNM) (OR:1.61, 95%CI:1.28-2.02, p<0.001). And PIWIL2 expression was not significantly correlated with age, gender, differentiation, tumor invasion, tumor size, TNM stage and distant metastasis (DM). CONCLUSIONS: A higher expression level of PIWIL2 may predict a poorer prognosis of cancer patients. And its prognostic values are not significantly influenced by clinicopathological characters. Therefore, PIWIL2 could serve as a personalized prognostic predictor in cancers in the future.

Serologic Response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients with Different Severity.

The immense patient number caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic brings the urge for more knowledge about its immunological features, including the profile of basic immune parameters. In this study, eighty-eight reported COVID-19 patients in Wuhan were recruited from January to February, 2020, including 32 severe/critical cases and 56 mild/moderate cases. Their mean age was 56.43 years (range 17-83) and gender ratio (male/female) was 43:45. We tested SARS-CoV-2 RNA with commercial kits, investigated the level of serologic IgM and IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using magnetic particle chemiluminescence immunoassays, and compared the results of serologic tests and nucleic acid test (NAT). Among 88 patients, 95.45% were confirmed as positive by the combination of NAT and antibody test, which was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than by single nucleic acid test (73.86%) or serologic test (65.91%). Then the correlation between temporal profile and the level of antibody response was analyzed. It showed that seroconversion started on day 5 after disease onset and IgG level was rose earlier than IgM. Comparison between patients with different disease severity suggested early seroconversion and high antibody titer were linked with less severe clinical symptoms. These results supported the combination of serologic testing and NAT in routine COVID-19 diagnosis and provided evidence on the temporal profile of antibody response in patients with different disease severity.

ERß Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing by Ameliorating Hyperglycemia-Induced Persistent Oxidative Stress.

Delayed wound healing in diabetic patients is a serious diabetic complication, resulting in major health problems as well as high mortality and disability. The detailed mechanism still needs to be fully understood. In this study, we aim to investigate potential mechanisms and explore an efficient strategy for clinical treatment of diabetic wound healing. Human umbilical endothelial cells were exposed to hyperglycemia for 4 days, then switched to normoglycemia for an additional 4 days. The cells were harvested for the analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, gene expression and VEGF signaling pathway. Furthermore, the diabetic wound model was established in rats for the evaluation of wound healing rates under the treatment of either ERß agonist/antagonist or SOD mimetic MnTBAP. Our results show that transient hyperglycemia exposure results in persistent ROS overgeneration after the switch to normoglycemia, along with suppressed expression of ERß, SOD2, and the VEGF signaling pathway. Either ERß expression or activation diminishes ROS generation. In vivo experiments with diabetic rats show that ERß activation or SOD mimetic MnTBAP diminishes ROS generation in tissues and accelerates diabetic wound healing. Transient hyperglycemia exposure induces ROS generation and suppresses ERß expression, subsequently resulting in SOD2 suppression with additional elevated ROS generation. This forms a positive-feed forward loop for ROS generation with persistent oxidative stress. ERß expression or activation breaks this loop and ameliorates this effect, thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing. We conclude that ERß accelerates diabetic wound healing by ameliorating hyperglycemia-induced persistent oxidative stress. This provides a new strategy for clinical treatment of diabetic wound healing based on ERß activation.

Nrf2 Suppression Delays Diabetic Wound Healing Through Sustained Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

Impaired wound healing is one of the major complications of diabetes, involving prolonged inflammation, delayed re-epithelialization, and consistent oxidative stress. The detailed mechanism remains unclear, and there is currently no effective treatment for diabetic wound healing. In this study, we aim to investigate the potential role and effect of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation on diabetic wound healing. In vitro experiments in rat macrophages showed that hyperglycemia treatment suppresses Nrf2 activation, resulting in oxidative stress with decreased expression of antioxidant genes, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase 1, together with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1ß (IL1ß), IL6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Both Nrf2 overexpression and Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment significantly ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation. On the other hand, both Nrf2 knockdown or Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 mimicked the effect of diabetes. Further in vivo experiments in rats showed that DMF treatment significantly accelerated wound healing in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats with increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 mimicked the effect of diabetes. We conclude that Nrf2 activation accelerates impaired wound healing by ameliorating diabetes-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation. This provides a new clinical treatment strategy for diabetic wound healing using Nrf2 activator DMF.

Perinatal testosterone exposure potentiates vascular dysfunction by ERß suppression in endothelial progenitor cells.

Recent clinical cohort study shows that testosterone therapy increases cardiovascular diseases in men with low testosterone levels, excessive circulating androgen levels may play a detrimental role in the vascular system, while the potential mechanism and effect of testosterone exposure on the vascular function in offspring is still unknown. Our preliminary results showed that perinatal testosterone exposure in mice induces estrogen receptor ß (ERß) suppression in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in offspring but not mothers, while estradiol (E2) had no effect. Further investigation showed that ERß suppression is due to perinatal testosterone exposure-induced epigenetic changes with altered DNA methylation on the ERß promoter. During aging, EPCs with ERß suppression mobilize to the vascular wall, differentiate into ERß-suppressed mouse endothelial cells (MECs) with downregulated expression of SOD2 (mitochondrial superoxide dismutase) and ERRα (estrogen-related receptor α). This results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage, and the dysfunction of mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism, subsequently potentiating vascular dysfunction. Bone marrow transplantation of EPCs that overexpressed with either ERß or a SIRT1 single mutant SIRT1-C152(D) that could modulate SIRT1 phosphorylation significantly ameliorated vascular dysfunction, while ERß knockdown worsened the problem. We conclude that perinatal testosterone exposure potentiates vascular dysfunction through ERß suppression in EPCs.

Combination of betulinic acid and chidamide synergistically inhibits Epstein-Barr virus replication through over-generation of reactive oxygen species.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has widely infected more than 90% of human populations. Currently, there is no efficient way to remove the virus because the EBV carriers are usually in a latent stage that allows them to escape the immune system and common antiviral drugs. In the effort to develop an efficient strategy for the removal of the EBV virus, we have shown that betulinic acid (BA) slightly suppresses EBV replication through SOD2 suppression with subsequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage in EBV-transformed LCL (lymphoblastoid cell line) cells. Chidamide (CDM, CS055), a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), could significantly switch EBV from the latent stage to the lytic stage with increased gene expression of BZLF1 and BMRF1, but has a small effect on EBV replication due to the suppression effect of CDM-mediated ROS generation. Interestingly, a combination of BA and CDM synergistically inhibits EBV replication with ROS over-generation and subsequent DNA damage and apoptosis. Overexpression of SOD2 diminishes this effect, while SOD2 knockdown mimics this effect. An in vivo xenograft tumor development study with the tail vein injection of EBV-transformed LCL cells in nude mice proves that the combination of BA and CDM synergistically increases superoxide anion release in tumor tissues and suppresses EBV replication and tumor growth, and significantly prolongs mouse survival. We conclude that the combination of BA and CDM could be an efficient strategy for clinical EBV removal.

Prenatal levonorgestrel exposure induces autism-like behavior in offspring through ERß suppression in the amygdala.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is now diagnosed in more than one out of 100 children and is biased towards males by a ratio of at least 4:1. Many possible explanations and potential causative factors have been reported, such as genetics, sex, and environmental factors, although the detailed mechanisms of ASD remain unclear. METHODS: The dams were exposed through oral contraceptives to either vehicle control (VEH) alone, levonorgestrel (LNG) alone, ethinyl estradiol (EE) alone, or a combination of LNG/EE for 21 days during their pregnancy. The subsequent 10-week-old offspring were used for autism-like behavior testing, and the limbic tissues were isolated for analysis. In another experimental group, 8-week-old male offspring were treated by infusion of ERß overexpression/knockdown lentivirus in the amygdala, and the offspring were analyzed after 2 weeks. RESULTS: We show that prenatal exposure of either LNG alone or a LNG/EE combination, but not EE alone, results in suppression of ERß (estrogen receptor ß) and its target genes in the amygdala with autism-like behavior in male offspring, while there is a much smaller effect on female offspring. However, we find that there is no effect on the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Further investigation shows that ERß suppression is due to LNG-mediated altered methylation on the ERß promoter and results in tissue damage with oxidative stress and the dysfunction of mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism, which subsequently triggers autism-like behavior. Overexpression of ERß in the amygdala completely restores LNG-induced ERß suppression and autism-like behaviors in offspring, while ERß knockdown mimics this effect, indicating that ERß expression in the amygdala plays an important role in autism-like behavior development. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that prenatal levonorgestrel exposure induces autism-like behavior in offspring through ERß suppression in the amygdala. To our knowledge, this is the first time the potential effect of oral contraceptives on the contribution of autism-like behavior in offspring has been discovered.

Effect and possible mechanism of monocyte-derived VEGF on monocyte-endothelial cellular adhesion after electrical burns.

OBJECTIVE: One of the major obstacles in the treatment of severe electrical burns is properly handling the resulting uncontrolled inflammation. Such inflammation often causes secondary injury and necrosis, thus complicating patient outcomes. Vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) has emerged as an important mediator for the recruitment of monocytes to the site inflammation. This study was designed to explore the effects and possible mechanism of VEGF on monocyte-endothelial cellular adhesion. To do so, we used a cultured human monocytic cell line (THP-1) that was stimulated with serum derived from rats that had received electrical burns. METHODS: Serum was obtained from rats that had received electrical burns. Both the VEGF and soluble flt-1 (sflt-1) concentrations of the serum were determined by double-antibody sandwich ELISA. The concentrations of VEGF, sflt-1, and TNF-α obtained from the cell-free cultured supernatant of THP-1 cells that had been exposed to the serum were then determined by double-antibody sandwich ELISA. Serum-stimulated THP-1 cells were added to wells with a monolayer of endothelial cells to detect the level of monocyte-endothelial cells adhesion. Finally, the state of phosphorylation of AKT was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that compared to controls, the levels of VEGF were significantly increased after electrical burns. This increased was accompanied by a reduction of sflt-1 levels. Furthermore, the serum of rats that had received electrical burns was able to both activate monocytes to secrete TNF-α and enhance monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Treatment with the serum also resulted in an up-regulation of the phosphorylation of AKT, but had no effect on the total levels of AKT. Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) inhibition decreased the number of THP-1 cells that were adhered to endothelial cells. Finally, sequestering VEGF with sflt-1 was able to reduce the effect on monocyte-endothelial cells adhesion by blocking the PI3K signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that VEGF is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation after electrical burns. Inhibition of VEGF activity could attenuate monocyte-endothelial cells adhesion by suppressing the state of phosphorylation of AKT, which is downstream of the PI3K signaling pathway.

[Expression of microRNA-126 in myocardial tissue of rats in the early stage of severe burn injury and its relation with myocardial damage].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in the expressions of microRNA-126 in myocardial tissue and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in serum of rats in the early stage of severe burn injury with analysis of their relationship, and to validate the relationship between microRNA-126 and myocardial damage in cellular level. METHODS: (1) Forty-eight SD rats were divided into sham injury group (n=8, without fluid therapy after sham injury) and burn injury group (n=40, inflicted with 30% TBSA full-thickness scald on the back, hereinafter referred to as burn, and received intraperitoneally injection of lactic acid Ringer's solution) according to the random number table. Blood was collected from abdominal aorta of rats in sham injury group at post injury hour (PIH) 1, and then these 8 rats were sacrificed for obtaining left ventricular tissue. Blood was respectively collected from abdominal aorta of 8 rats in burn injury group at PIH 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48, and then they were sacrificed and the left ventricular tissue was obtained at each time point. The expression of microRNA-126 in myocardial tissue was assessed by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. Serum level of cTnI was assessed by ELISA. (2) Rat myocardial cell line H9C2 was divided into normal control group (NC, routinely cultured), stimulation group (S), negative transfection+stimulation group (NT+S), and transfection+stimulation group (T+S) according to the random number table. Cells in S group were treated with hypoxia for 24 h after being cultured with DMEM containing 10% burn serum obtained from rats in burn injury group at PIH 6 in experiment (1). Cells in NT+S group and T+S group were respectively transfected with the negative control of microRNA mimics and microRNA-126 mimics for 24 h, and then were given the same treatment as that of S group. The expression of microRNA-126 in myocardial cells was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR (with the sample number of 3). Cell counting kit 8 was used to examine the vitality of myocardial cell (with the sample number of 4, denoted as absorbance value). Apoptotic rate of myocardial cells was determined by flow cytometer (with the sample number of 3). Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test. The relationship between microRNA-126 expression in myocardial tissue and serum level of cTnI of rats was assessed by linear correlation analysis. RESULTS: (1) Compared with that of sham injury group at PIH 1, the expression levels of microRNA-126 in myocardial tissue of rats in burn injury group at PIH 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 were significantly decreased (with t values from 5.68 to 9.79, P values below 0.01), reaching its nadir at PIH 24 (0.40 ± 0.08). Compared with that of sham injury group at PIH 1, the serum levels of cTnI of rats in burn injury group at PIH 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 were significantly increased (with t values from 6.68 to 12.79, P values below 0.01), peaking at PIH 12 [(1 035 ± 177) pg/mL]. A significant negative correlation between the expression level of microRNA-126 in myocardial tissue and serum level of cTnI was observed in rats of burn injury group at each time point (r=-0.797, P<0.001). (2) Compared with those of NC group, the microRNA-126 expression levels in myocardial cells of S group and T+S group were respectively decreased and increased (with t values respectively 4.57 and 5.73, P<0.05 or P<0.01), the cell vitality levels were obviously decreased (with t values respectively 14.88 and 6.48, P values below 0.01), and the apoptotic rates were significantly increased (with t values respectively 13.82 and 6.96, P values below 0.01). Compared with that in NT+S group, the microRNA-126 expression level in myocardial cells of T+S group was significantly increased (t=6.77, P<0.01), the cell vitality level was obviously increased (t=8.23, P<0.001), and the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased (t=6.14, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Expression level of microRNA-126 in myocardial tissue of rat was decreased in the early stage of severe burn injury. It may participate in regulating myocardial damage and play a protective role.

[Expression of microRNA-21 in myocardial tissue of rats in the early stage of severe scald injury and its mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular mechanism of microRNA-21 in myocardial damage of rats in the early stage of severe scald injury by observing the expression of microRNA-21 and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in myocardial tissue of rat and to validate the relationship between them in cell model. METHODS: (1) Forty SD rats were divided into sham injury group (n =8, sham injured) and scald injury group (n =32, inflicted with 30% TBSA full-thickness scald on the back) according to the random number table. The left ventricular tissue was collected from rats in sham injury group at post injury hour 1 without any fluid infusion. Rats in scald injury group were given an intraperitoneal injection of lactic acid Ringer's solution and 8 rats were respectively sacrificed at post injury hour 3, 6, 12, 24 to harvest left ventricular tissue. The expression of microRNA-21 in myocardial tissue was assessed by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. The protein expression of PDCD4 in myocardial tissue was assessed by Western blotting. (2) Rat myocardial cell line H9C2 was divided into microRNA-21 inhibitor group (cells were transfected with microRNA-21 inhibitor) and negative transfection control group (cells were transfected with negative control of microRNA inhibitor) according to the random number table. At post transfection hour 48, real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed respectively to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of PDCD4 in cells. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance, LSD-t and two independent samples t test. The relationship between microRNA-21 expression and PDCD4 protein level in myocardial tissue of rats was assessed by linear correlation analysis. RESULTS: (1) The expression levels of microRNA-21 in myocardial tissue of rats in sham injury group at post injury hour 1 and in scald injury group at post injury hour 3, 6, 12, 24 were respectively 0. 96 ± 0. 13, 0. 44 ± 0. 08, 0. 42 ± 0. 10, 0.33 +0.07, and 0.61 0.10 (F = 27.331, P <0.001). Compared with that in myocardial tissue of rats in sham injury group at post injury hour 1, expression level of microRNA-21 was significantly decreased in scald injury group at post injury hour 3, 6, 12, 24 (with t values from 4. 558 to 9.410, P values below 0.01). The protein expression levels of PDCD4 in myocardial tissue of rats in sham injury group at post injury hour 1 and in scald injury group at post injury hour 3, 6, 12, 24 were respectively 0.44 ± 0.05, 0.60 ± 0.09, 0.92 ± 0. 15, 0. 86 ± 0.11, and 0.57 ± 0. 10 (F =8.622, P =0.003). Compared with that in sham injury group at post injury hour 1, protein expression level of PDCD4 was significantly increased in scald injury group at post injury hour 6 and 12 (with t values respectively 4. 968 and 4. 122, P values below 0.01). A significant negative correlation between the expression of microRNA-21 and PDCD4 protein in myocardial tissue of rats of scald injury group was observed at each time point (r = -0. 572, P = 0. 026). (2) The mRNA and protein expression levels of PDCD4 of myocardial cells in microRNA-21 inhibitor group were respectively 1.73 ± 0. 29 and 0. 38 ± 0. 08, which were significantly higher than those in negative transfection control group (0.95 ± 0.14 and 0.23 ± 0.03, with t values respectively 4. 857 and 3.356, P <0.05 or P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Expression of microRNA-21 was decreased, while expression of PDCD4 was increased, in myocardial tissue of rats in the early stage of severe scald injury. MicroRNA-21 might participate in myocardial damage in the early stage of scald injury by negatively regulating expression of PDCD4.

[Effects of microRNA-21 on the myocardial cell apoptosis induced by ischemia and hypoxia in rat].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of microRNA-21 on apoptosis of myocardial cell of rats as induced by ischemia and hypoxia, and to analyze the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: (1) Rat myocardial cell line H9C2 was cultured in a serum-free and low glucose DMEM medium using a hypoxic incubator which was filled with 1% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide, and 94% nitrogen to simulate ischemic environment. The expression of microRNA-21 in normal myocardial cells and cells treated with low oxygen exposure for 6 and 24 h were assessed by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. (2) Another portion of myocardial cells were divided into 4 groups according to the random number table: normal control group (NC, ordinary culture without any treatment), ischemia/hypoxia group (IH, treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 24 h), negative transfection control+ischemia/hypoxia group (NC+IH, treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 24 h after the transfection of microRNA mimics control for 24 h), microRNA-21+ischemia/hypoxia group (M+IH, treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 24 h after the transfection of microRNA-21 mimics for 24 h). The cells in the latter three groups were examined immediately after treatment, and cells in group NC were collected and examined at the same time point. Apoptosis rate of myocardial cells was determined by flow cytometer. The mRNA and protein expression levels of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in myocardial cells were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. The sample numbers in this experiment were 6 or 3. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD- t test. RESULTS: (1) The expression level of microRNA-21 in normal myocardial cells and cells treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 6 and 24 h were respectively 1.09 ± 0.17, 0.75 ± 0.08, and 0.67 ± 0.08 (F = 11.280, P = 0.009). Compared with expression level of microRNA-21 in normal myocardial cells, those of cells treated for 24 h (t = 4.461, P = 0.004) and 6 h (t = 3.642, P = 0.011) were both lower, and the former was more obvious. Therefore all the ischemia and hypoxia treatment time of cells in the following experiment was 24 h. (2) The apoptosis rate of myocardial cells in group NC was (3.5 ± 0.7)%. After being treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 24 h, the apoptosis rates of myocardial cells in groups IH, NC+IH, and M+IH were respectively (17.3 ± 3.2)%, (16.4 ± 3.0)%, and (7.6 ± 2.0)% (F = 15.176, P = 0.001). Compared with that of group NC, the apoptosis rate of myocardial cells of group IH was significantly increased (t = 5.641, P < 0.001), while it was significantly decreased in group M+IH as compared with group NC+IH (t = 3.588, P = 0.007). The mRNA expression level of PDCD4 in group NC was 1.06 ± 0.21. After being treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 24 h, the mRNA expression levels of PDCD4 in groups IH, NC+IH, and M+IH were respectively 3.01 ± 0.34, 3.05 ± 0.25, and 1.48 ± 0.24 (F = 44.952, P < 0.001). Compared with that of group NC, the mRNA expression level of PDCD4 in group IH was higher (t = 8.945, P < 0.001), while it was significantly lower in group M+IH as compared with group NC+IH (t = 7.253, P < 0.001). The protein expression level of PDCD4 in group NC was 0.44 ± 0.08. After being treated with ischemia and hypoxia for 24 h, the protein expression levels of PDCD4 in groups IH, NC+IH, and M+IH were respectively 0.96 ± 0.13, 1.05 ± 0.12, and 0.58 ± 0.12 (F = 18.804, P = 0.008). Compared with that of group NC, the protein expression level of PDCD4 in group IH was higher (t = 5.429, P = 0.006), while it was significantly reduced in group M+IH as compared with group NC+IH (t = 4.903, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Ischemia and hypoxia reduce the expression of microRNA-21 in myocardial cells, while increasing the expression of microRNA-21 can alleviate the ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis by lowering the expression of PDCD4.

[Role of phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B signal pathway in monocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by serum of rats with electrical burn].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the change in phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway in monocytes as induced by serum of rats with electrical burn, and to explore the effects of PI3K/Akt pathway on monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. METHODS: Sixty-four SD rats of clean grade were inflicted with electrical burn for the collection of serum of rats with electrical burn; another group of twenty-four SD rats were used to obtain normal serum without treatment. (1) Human monocyte line THP-1 was routinely cultured. The THP-1 cells in logarithmic phase were divided into normal serum group (resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium with 20% normal rat serum) and burn serum group (resuspended with RPMI 1640 medium with 20% serum of rats with electrical burn) according to the random number table, with 6 wells in each group. Morphology of THP-1 cells in normal serum group was observed at post culture hour (PCH) 24, and that in burn serum group at PCH 3, 6, 24. The contents of TNF-α in culture supernatant were determined by double-antibody sandwich ELISA at the corresponding time point in each group. The state of Akt activation was determined by Western blotting at PCH 3, 6, 24. (2) Another portion of THP-1 cells were divided into 4 groups according to the random number table, with 6 wells in each group. Cells in normal serum group and burn serum group were given with the same culture condition as above; cells in normal serum+inhibitor group and burn serum+inhibitor group were cultured with the same culture conditions as in the former two groups correspondingly with addition of 100 nmol/L wortmannin in the nutrient solution. At PCH 3 and 6, THP-1 cells were added into the well with a monolayer of endothelial cell line EA.hy926 to observe the monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD- t test. RESULTS: (1) In normal serum group, THP-1 cells showed growth in suspension, with uniform shape at PCH 24. In burn serum group, the cell shape became irregular though the membrane was complete at PCH 3; cellular size became irregular and cell membrane and cytoplasm were swollen at PCH 6; cell membrane was disrupted with death of cells at PCH 24. The contents of TNF-α in culture supernatant in normal serum group at PCH 24 and in burn serum group at PCH 3, 6, 24 were respectively (38.5 ± 1.4), (75.1 ± 1.5), (91.5 ± 1.8), (117.0 ± 1.4) pg/mL (F = 1 415.306, P < 0.01). The contents of TNF-α in culture supernatant in burn serum group at PCH 3, 6, 24 were all significantly higher than the content of TNF-α in normal serum group at PCH 24 (with t values respectively 29.614, 42.852, 63.485, P values below 0.01). The ratio values of phosphorylated Akt to Akt in burn serum group at PCH 3, 6, 24 were respectively 2.66, 3.69, 1.17 times of those in normal serum group at the corresponding time point. (2) In normal serum group, normal serum+inhibitor group, burn serum group, and burn serum+inhibitor group at PCH 3 and 6, the numbers of THP-1 cells adherent to endothelial cells were respectively (231 ± 45), (280 ± 47), (703 ± 169), (335 ± 85) per 100-time field; (219 ± 49), (235 ± 21), (562 ± 123), (226 ± 29) per 100-time field (with F values respectively 25.630 and 18.975, P values below 0.01). The number of THP-1 cells adhered to EA.hy926 cells was significantly more in burn serum group than in normal serum group at PCH 3 and 6 (with t values respectively 6.189 and 6.601, P values below 0.01). The number of THP-1 cells adherent to EA.hy926 cells was significantly fewer in burn serum+inhibitor group than in burn serum group at PCH 3 and 6 (with t values respectively 6.821 and 6.465, P values below 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The serum of rats suffering from electrical burn can induce the monocytes to secrete TNF-α, thus enhancing monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, but it can be inhibited by blocking PI3K/Akt signal pathway.

[Change in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in serum and wound tissue of rats with electrical burns].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the change in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum and wound tissue of rats with electrical burn (EB), and to explore its regulation mechanism in the pathological changes of EB. METHODS: Sixty-four SD rats were divided into normal control group (n = 8) and EB group (n = 56) according to the random number table. Eight rats in EB group were sacrificed at post injury hour (PIH) 6 and on post injury day (PID) 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, to collect wound muscle tissue and serum samples. Histopathological changes in wound tissue were observed with HE staining. The serum content of VEGF was determined with double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression level of VEGF in wound tissue was determined with Western blotting. VEGF expression intensity in wound tissue was observed with immunohistochemical staining. The microvessel density (MVD) was calculated. The correlation between VEGF expression intensity and MVD was analyzed. Muscle tissue of calf and serum of the rats in normal control group without any treatment were collected for above-mentioned observations and determinations. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and Spearman hierarchy correlation analysis, and LSD-t test was applied for paired comparison. RESULTS: (1) In EB group, breakage of muscle fiber, heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells, and obvious tissue edema were observed at PIH 6 and on PID 1; new vessels were observed on PID 3; amount of granulation tissue and number of new vessels were found to be increased on PID 7. (2) In EB group, the serum level of VEGF was (43 ± 11) pg/mL at PIH 6, (44 ± 11) pg/mL on PID 1, and (74 ± 27) pg/mL on PID 14, which were all significantly higher than that in normal control group [(15 ± 9) pg/mL, with t values from 4.001 to 5.724, P values all below 0.01]. (3) The protein expression level of VEGF of wound tissue in EB group was higher than that in normal control group (0.21 ± 0.09) at each time point. The protein expression level of VEGF in EB group peaked on PID 7 (0.63 ± 0.13, t = 4.965, P < 0.05). (4) In EB group, strongly positive expression of VEGF was observed in inflammatory cells at early stage and in new vascular endothelial cells at late stage. (5) The expression intensity of VEGF was positively correlated with MVD in wound tissue on PID 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 in EB group (r(s) = 0.834, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Different expression levels of VEGF were observed in serum and wound tissue of rats at various stages after EB, and they were closely correlated with different stages of fluid exudation and wound healing process after EB.