Association Between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Acute Respiratory Infections Among Infants Under the Age of 6 Months.

Introduction: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the cornerstone of child health; however, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding is suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to assess the association between exclusive breastfeeding and ARI among infants under the age of 6 months in a LMIC. Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2014 Egypt Demographic Health Survey data was conducted. Mothers of infants under the age of 6 months (n = 1,340) were included. The outcome of interest was ARI symptoms among infants, defined by mother's report of a cough accompanied by fast or difficult breathing in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. The exposure variable was exclusive breastfeeding, defined by giving infants only breast milk during the first 6 months of life. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression were performed. Results: Forty-one percent of the infants were exclusively breastfed and 9% had ARI symptoms. Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the odds of ARI symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.450, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.243-0.832). Infants of mothers 20-34 years of age (AOR = 0.421, 95% CI: 0.217-0.817) and ≥35 years (AOR = 0.308, 95% CI: 0.123-0.767) at childbirth were less likely to have symptoms of an ARI when compared with adolescent mothers. The likelihood of having ARI symptoms was higher among infants 2-3 months of age (AOR = 2.437, 95% CI: 1.093-5.435), and 4-5 months (AOR = 2.888, 95% CI: 1.193-6.992) compared with infants less than 2 months. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding was protective against ARI symptoms among under-6-month infants, independent of potential confounders.

Environmental impact on the temporal production of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in the mixed breeding system of Viola pubescens.

Viola pubescens is a perennial, mixed breeding herb that produces both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers at different times of the season. Once bud type is specified, it does not convert from one form to the other. While temporal production of the two flowers is known to be influenced by environmental factors, the specific environmental cues that signal emergence of each flower type have not been empirically studied. To investigate the environmental parameters driving seasonal development of chasmogamous versus cleistogamous flowers, a native V. pubescens population was examined during the spring and summer of 2016 and 2017. Measurements of light quantity, canopy cover, photoperiod, temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, and the number of chasmogamous and cleistogamous buds were collected on either a weekly or biweekly basis. Independent zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regressions were used to model the odds of bud production (0 versus 1 bud) and bud counts (≥ 1 bud) as a function of the environmental variables. Results of the ZINB models highlight key differences between the environmental variables that influence chasmogamous versus cleistogamous bud development and counts. In addition to the ZINB regressions, individual logistic regressions were fit to the bud data. The logistic models support results of the ZINB models and, more crucially, identify specific environmental thresholds at which each bud type is probable. Collectively, this work offers novel insight into how environmental variables shape temporal development of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers, suggests distinct threshold values that may aid in selectively inducing each flower type, and provides insight into how climatic change may impact mixed breeding species.

Associations between preoperative physical therapy and post-acute care utilization patterns and cost in total joint replacement.

BACKGROUND: Health-care costs following acute hospital care have been identified as a major contributor to regional variation in Medicare spending. This study investigated the associations of preoperative physical therapy and post-acute care resource use and its effect on the total cost of care during primary hip or knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Historical claims data were analyzed using the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Limited Data Set files for Diagnosis Related Group 470. Analysis included descriptive statistics of patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, procedures, and post-acute care utilization patterns, which included skilled nursing facility, home health agency, or inpatient rehabilitation facility, during the ninety-day period after a surgical hospitalization. To evaluate the associations, we used bivariate and multivariate techniques focused on post-acute care use and total episode-of-care costs. RESULTS: The Limited Data Set provided 4733 index hip or knee replacement cases for analysis within the thirty-nine-county Medicare hospital referral cluster. Post-acute care utilization was a significant variable in the total cost of care for the ninety-day episode. Overall, 77.0% of patients used post-acute care services after surgery. Post-acute care utilization decreased if preoperative physical therapy was used, with only 54.2% of the preoperative physical therapy cohort using post-acute care services. However, 79.7% of the non-preoperative physical therapy cohort used post-acute care services. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and comorbidities, the use of preoperative physical therapy was associated with a significant 29% reduction in post-acute care use, including an $871 reduction of episode payment driven largely by a reduction in payments for skilled nursing facility ($1093), home health agency ($527), and inpatient rehabilitation ($172). CONCLUSIONS: The use of preoperative physical therapy was associated with a 29% decrease in the use of any post-acute care services. This association was sustained after adjusting for comorbidities, demographic characteristics, and procedural variables. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Health-care providers can use this methodology to achieve an integrative, cost-effective, patient care pathway using preoperative physical therapy.

Predictors of daily blood glucose monitoring in Appalachian Ohio.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors contributing to successful diabetes self-management in Appalachia, as evidenced by daily blood glucose monitoring. METHODS: A telephone survey (N=3841) was conducted to assess health status and health care access. The current investigation is limited to the subset of this sample who report having diabetes (N=529). RESULTS: A multivariate logistic regression model established that having attended a diabetes education class (P<.01) was the most significant predictor of successful diabetes self-management. The inability to pay for care, demographic variables, and health risk indicators were not found to be significantly related to self-management. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies the role of education in successful diabetes self-management for patients in the Appalachian region.

High self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and stroke in 11 counties of rural Appalachian Ohio.

UNLABELLED: CONTEXT/PURPOSE: There is an epidemic of obesity and diabetes in the United States, especially in economically at-risk populations such as rural Appalachia. This survey determined the self-reported prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and associated macrovascular complications in 11 rural counties of Appalachian Ohio. The impacts of lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factors, income, and access to medical care were also determined. METHODS: A telephone survey identical to the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey was conducted. Surveys were collected from 3,927 randomly selected residents 18 years of age and older in 11 counties of Appalachian Ohio and compared to published aggregate Ohio and national 2004 BRFSS data. FINDINGS: The self-reported prevalence of diabetes (11.3%) was markedly higher in Appalachian Ohio counties surveyed compared to aggregate Ohio (7.8%) or national (7.2%) 2004 BRFSS data (P < .044). The prevalence of heart disease (7.6%) and stroke (4.1%) in these counties was slightly higher than aggregate Ohio or national 2004 BRFSS data. In persons with diabetes, the prevalence of heart disease was 2-fold higher (20.0%) and stroke 3-fold higher (11.4%) than among nondiabetics (P < .042) in the region and higher than aggregate Ohio and National 2004 BRFSS data. Lower-income levels and decreased access to medications and glucose monitoring supplies correlated with the increased risk for cardiovascular complications in this rural population (P < .042). CONCLUSION: The self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its associated macrovascular complications are much higher in rural Appalachian Ohio compared to aggregate Ohio and National 2004 BRFSS data.