Lipid status of the two high latitude fish species, Leptoclinus maculatus and Lumpenus fabricii.

A comparative study of the lipid status (i.e., the total lipid and phospholipid concentrations and the percentage of fatty acids of the total lipids) of adult specimens of daubed shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus) from Svalbard waters (Isfjord) and slender eel blenny (Lumpenus fabricii) from the White Sea (Onega Bay and Tersky shore) was performed to study the metabolism and functions of lipids of these fishes in ontogeny and under various ecological conditions. Slender eel blenny from both areas of the White Sea were distinguished by a high level of sphingomyelin compared with the daubed shanny from Svalbard, and the amount of total phospholipids was higher in slender eel blenny from Onega Bay than in slender eel blenny from the Tersky shore. The extent of saturation and the signature of polyenic fatty acids varied according to the specific species of the Stichaeidae family under study. These results demonstrate the differences in the trophoecological and hydrobiological conditions of habitations of these species and highlighted the importance of considering certain trends in the lipid profiles of these fishes as specific features of the organization of the ecological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation.

The Effects of Low-Level Helium-Neon (He-Ne) Laser Irradiation on Lipids and Fatty Acids, and the Activity of Energetic Metabolism Enzymes and Proteome in the Blastula Stage and Underyearlings of the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar: A Novel Approach in Salmonid Restoration Procedures in the North.

The effect of He-Ne laser irradiation on fishery parameters as well as on biochemical state, including the lipids and fatty acids, the activity of energy metabolism enzymes and the proteome in the blastula stage and in underyearlings of wild Atlantic salmon after irradiation at the cleavage stage/early blastula (considered as the stages when the cell has a high potential for differentiation) was studied. Low mortality rates of eggs were determined during embryogenesis, as well as increased weight gain and lower morality rates of underyearlings in the experimental group. This is confirmed by changes in a number of interrelated indicators of lipid metabolism: a decrease in total lipids content, including diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and the phospholipids content remained unchanged. The embryos in the blastula stage (experimental group) had higher aerobic capacity and an increase in pentose phosphate pathway activity. The proteome profiles of eggs in the blastula stage were 131 proteins, of which 48 were significantly identified. The major protein was found to be phosvitin. The proteomes of underyearlings were represented by 2018 proteins, of which 49 were unique for the control and 39 for the experimental group. He-Ne laser irradiation had a strong effect on the contents of histone proteins.

Changes of blue mussels Mytilus edulis L. lipid composition under cadmium and copper toxic effect.

The lipid and fatty acid composition of the blue mussels Mytilus edulis L. gills and digestive glands was evaluated after 24 and 72 h of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) exposure. Mussels were exposed to different cadmium (10, 100, and 500 µg/L) and copper (5, 50, and 250 µg/L) concentrations. Similar stress response of predominant membrane phospholipids level as well as polyenoic and non-methylene interrupted (NMI) fatty acids content was observed in mussel gills under both cadmium and copper effects. Increased NMI fatty acids level after 24 h, the metal ions treatment suggests that these acids contribute to the protective response to the membrane oxidative stress caused by accumulation of the metals. The content of cholesterol, some minor membrane phospholipids, and storage lipids (triacylglycerols, TAG) in the mussels' organs alter significantly under the cadmium and copper effect. A two-step response at the digestive glands TAG level depends on the duration of the cadmium and copper treatments (24 and 72 h) on the mussels. The results demonstrate that Cd and Cu impact has adverse effects on gills and digestive glands lipid and fatty acids composition. The type of observed effects varies with the nature and concentration of the metal ions and depends on the role of the metals in the mussels' life activity.