Numerical solutions of the fractional Fisher's type equations with Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative by using spectral collocation methods.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate an accurate numerical method for solving a biological fractional model via Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative. We focused our attention on linear and nonlinear Fisher's equations. We use the spectral collocation method based on the Chebyshev approximations. This method reduced the nonlinear equations to a system of ordinary differential equations by using the properties of Chebyshev polynomials and then solved them by using the finite difference method. This is the first time that this method is used to solve nonlinear equations in Atangana-Baleanu sense. We present the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method by computing the absolute error and the residual error functions. The results show that the given procedure is an easy and efficient tool to investigate the solution of nonlinear equations with local and non-local singular kernels.

Goiter in Cross Breed Goat Kids at Basrah Province, Iraq.

Cases of Goiter related to iodine deficiency in cross-breed goat kids in Basrah, Iraq are very scarce, and little information has been provided; therefore, the present study highlighted a clinical case of goat kids suffering from Goiter due to iodine deficiency with hematological and biochemical evaluation. The study examined 44 cross-breed goat kids, 1-3 months old (males and females), who showed painless palpable enlargement on one side of the cranio-ventral neck region or near the throat rejoin with weakness and alopecia. Ten clinically healthy kids of the same age were considered a control group. This study's diseased and control group was subjected to complete clinical examinations. Diseased animals show painless palpable and visible enlarged thyroid glands with or without enlargement of the neck, sparse hair coats with little alopecia, slow growth rate, irregular appetite or unwillingness to suck, weakness, and emaciation. Furthermore, the presence of thyroid thrill during palpation of jugular furrow was also detected. Moreover, diseased goat kids show no significant difference in body temperature; however, a significant increase was encountered in respiratory rate with a significant decrease in heart rate. On the other hand, no significant changes have been detected in the hematological analysis between diseased goat kids and the control group concerning the chemical analysis between the diseased cross-breed goat kids and the control group; the results of the present study indicated a significant increase in TSH, whereas, T3, T4, FT4, glucose level, Vit. E (α-tocopherol) and serum glutathione peroxides were lowered in diseased cross-breed goat kids compared with the control group. In contrast, a significant hyper- cholesterolemia was indicated in diseased animals than in the control group. It was concluded that Goiter in kids could reflect harm effects terminated mostly with death. Therefore, improving the maternal diet is an important reason to reduce the development of the disease.

Investigation of the Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep from the Southern Region of Iraq.

In the southern region of Iraq, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has been identified and diagnosed. The study was done on (300) local sheep breeds of varying ages and sexes exhibiting PPR symptoms, while (25), healthy sheep breeds served as the control group. Additionally, the diagnosis of PPRV was confirmed by PCR. Infected sheep exhibit a variety of clinical symptoms. However, DNA sequencing was used to detect genetic links and genetic variation, and the results revealed a closed genetic relationship with the NCBI BLAST PPRV India isolate (GU014574.1) at total genetic variation (0.02-0.01%). Results indicate a large rise in PCV and ESR in conjunction with leukocytopenia and lymphocytopenia, a significant difference in clotting factor indices, and a significant increase in ALT, AST, and CK. In addition, there was a substantial variation in acute phase response. Postmortem examinations revealed various erosive lesions on the upper and lower gums, severe hemorrhagic enteritis, particularly of the small intestine, and obvious congestion of the lungs. Histopathological changes revealed an obvious flattening of the intestinal mucosa as well as an enlargement of the villi. In addition to a granuloma in the sub-mucosa, chronic inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes, were seen invading the mucosa. It has been determined that the sickness was circulating in the southern region of Iraq and severely afflicted sheep, which might result in significant economic losses owing to the detrimental effects of the virus that causes the disease on the various bodily parts.

Expression of IL1ß Gene in the Placentas from Humans and Cows during Brucella Infection.

Brucellosis is an important contagious disease affecting most domestic and mature animals. Since the impact of IL-1ß in B. abortus invasion and survival remains elusive, the current study sought to elucidate the actual roles of these potent cytokines in the modulation of the initial immune response to Brucella infection. Therefore, this study aimed to detect Brucella abortus in the placenta of aborted women and cows and estimate the expression of the interleukin 1ß (IL1ß) gene associated with immune response mechanisms to Brucella abortus infection. The detection of Brucella abortus was performed by Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction based AlkB gene (AlkB-PCR) in the sera and placenta samples of aborted women and cows, respectively. The overall percentage of Brucella abortus infection was 13.1% and 5% as determined by RBT and AlkB-PCR in aborted women's sera and placentas, respectively. On the other hand, the overall percentage rates of Brucella abortus infection in the sera and placentas from aborted cows were 30% and 11% as estimated by RBT and AlkB-PCR, respectively. The results of RBT demonstrated that the association between Brucella abortus and abortion in cows was statistically significant. On the other hand, it was found that the association between Brucella abortus and abortion in women was not significant. Moreover, according to the results of AlkB-based PCR, the association between Brucella abortus and abortion was statistically significant in aborted cows, while it was not significant in aborted women. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of RBT were calculated as 60.00, 53.85, and 54.55%, respectively. Moreover, positive and negative predictive values were reported as 14.33% and 91.28%, respectively. Regarding RBT for aborted cows, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the test were 81.82%, 57.78%, and 62.49%, respectively. The positive predictive value was reported as 32.08%, while the negative predictive value was reported as 92.88%. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was carried out for the evaluation of Interleukin 1 Beta (IL1ß) gene expression. The qPCR result was presented as a fold change in gene expression. A significant increment of IL1ß gene expression was observed in aborted women (114.905±99.661) and cows (22.454 ±18.528), compared to non-aborted women (4.953±5.564) and cows (2.033±1.845). Statistical comparison of IL1ß gene expression between aborted women and cows illustrated a non-significant increment in IL1ß gene expression in aborted women (114.905±99.661), compared to aborted cows (22.454 ±18.528).

Asymmetrical locomotor response to unilateral cortical injections of DSP-4.

The role of norepinephrine depletion in the lateralized production of spontaneous hyperactivity was assessed by unilateral fronto-cortical injections of either 10 or 20 micrograms of the noradrenergic neurotoxin, DSP-4 (N-2-chlorethyl-N-ethyl-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride). Ten micrograms of DSP-4 produced significant hyperkinesis only when injected into the right hemisphere. A 20 micrograms dose produced hyperactivity when injected into either hemisphere. DSP-4 injections resulted in significant NE and ipsilateral and contralateral 5HT depletions in the frontal cortex. The 20 micrograms right hemispheric injection significantly increased both DOPAC and DA levels in the contralateral caudate in a manner unrelated to behavior. These findings, in conjunction with results from previous neurotoxin studies, support a hypothesis of greater relative sensitivity to injury of right hemispheric NE terminal fields compared with injury to left hemispheric fields as demonstrated by spontaneous hyperactivity.