CHARACTERIZING COVID-19-RELATED RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSIONS: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical and ophthalmologic features and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease-19 with retinal vascular occlusions. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter case series and PubMed review of cases reported from March 2020 to September 2021. Outcome measures are as follows: type of occlusion, treatments, best-corrected visual acuity, and central macular thickness on optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were identified. Fifteen patients with a median age of 39 (30-67) years were included in the multicenter study. Vascular occlusions included central retinal vein occlusion (12 eyes), branch retinal vein occlusion (4 eyes), and central retinal artery occlusion (2 eyes). Three cases were bilateral. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity was 20/45 (no light perception-20/20). Baseline central macular thickness was 348.64 (±83) µm. Nine eyes received anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, dexamethasone intravitreal implant, or both. Final best-corrected visual acuity was 20/25 (no light perception-20/20), and central macular thickness was 273.7 ± 68 µm (follow-up of 19.6 ± 6 weeks). Among the 24 cases from the literature review, retinal vein occlusion was the predominant lesion. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were similar to those found in our series. CONCLUSION: Coronavirus disease-19-associated retinal vascular occlusions tend to occur in individuals younger than 60 years. Retinal vein occlusion is the most frequent occlusive event, and outcomes are favorable in most cases.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in Spain.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in Spain. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter analysis of data from VKH patients followed for at least 6 months. The data collected were related to demographics, clinical manifestations, treatments, and complications. RESULTS: Participants were 112 patients (224 eyes), from 13 tertiary referral centers, of mean age 37.5 ± 14.7 years; 83.9% were women. Ethnicities were 61.6% Caucasian and 30.4% Hispanic. The disease was classified as complete in 16.1%, incomplete in 55.4%, and probable in 28.6%. When seen for the first time, the clinical course was acute in 69.6%, recurrent chronic in 15.2%, and chronic in 14.3%. The most frequent treatment was corticosteroids (acute stage 42.2%, maintenance stage 55.6%). The most common complications were cataract (41.1%) and ocular hypertension (16.1%). In most eyes, visual acuity was improved (96.7%) or remained stable at the end of follow up. CONCLUSION: VKH in Spain mostly affects women and presents as incomplete acute stage disease. Visual prognosis is good. Cataract and glaucoma are the two most frequent complications.

[A state without memory. The ideological abolition of the insane asylum in Mexico (1945-1968)]. / Un Estado sin memoria. La abolición ideológica de la institución manicomial en México (1945-1968).

The present article analyzes a campaign by the Mexican government, among the public and the medical profession, to disseminate a health care reform that culminated with the opening of thirteen Farms for the mentally ill and the ideological abolition of the insane asylum in the sixties of the twentieth century. To do this, renowned psychiatrists who held public positions built a black legend over the most emblematic insane asylum of the country, pointing out as the main cause of failure the constraint to which patients were subjected. In doing so, they resembled the mental hospital to a prison and the insane to a social threat, because they reduced that institution's function and denied the many experiences that would ?t in it: a place of confinement and refuge, a therapeutic and knowledge production space. Even though Mexican psychiatry was professionalized in the space of the asylum, the State wanted to erase the memory of that past to suggest the establishment of a new era in mental health, where the patients would no longer be subject to any restrictions which could curtail their freedom. Overcoming the asylum model meant creating "open door" therapeutic alternatives, but the decision was to distort the past to exalt the future.

[For the good of the nation's economy: therapeutic work and public assistance at La Castañeda asylum in Mexico City, 1929-32]. / Por el bien de la economía nacional. Trabajo terapéutico y asistencia pública en el Manicomio de La Castañeda de la ciudad de México, 1929-1932.

Founded in 1910, by 1930 Mexico City's La Castañeda insane asylum was grappling with the problem of a massive number of chronic patients, a situation that earned it an image as a warehouse for the sick more than a place of treatment. Psychiatrists endeavored to restore the asylum's legitimacy by publicizing a nineteenth-century treatment which projected the public image that the mentally ill could be as productive as anyone else: work therapy. The government born of the Mexican revolution supported this proposal because the guiding objective behind public assistance for underprivileged groups was to make them part of the country's productive life via the market.

La contribución de La Castañeda a la profesionalización de la psiquiatría mexicana, 1910-1968 / The Castañeda's contribution to the professionalization of Mexican psychiatry, 1910-1968

On September 1, 1910, more than two thousand people celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of Mexico's Proclamation of Independence with the inauguration of a psychiatric hospital. According to the event's official chronicler, the 25 buildings constructed by order of president Porfirio Díaz on the site of the former Castañeda Hacienda would place Mexico among the leading countries in the world in treating mental health pathologies. But, what had been Mexico's development in this field during the XIX century? Could we consider La Castañeda <

El 1 de septiembre de 1910 más de dos mil personas conmemoraron el Centenario de la Proclamación de la Independencia de México con la inauguración de un manicomio. Según la opinión del cronista oficial de los festejos, los 25 edificios que mandó a construir el presidente Porfirio Díaz en la antigua hacienda de La Castañeda pondrían a México a la altura de los países más avanzados en el tratamiento de las enfermedades mentales. Pero ¿qué desarrollo había tenido en México este campo durante el siglo XIX? ¿Podemos considerar a La Castañeda como <

Por el bien de la economía nacional: trabajo terapéutico y asistencia pública en el Manicomio de La Castañeda de la ciudad de México, 1929-1932 / For the good of the nation's economy: therapeutic work and public assistance at La Castañeda asylum in Mexico City, 1929-32

El Manicomio de La Castañeda de la Ciudad de México, fundado en 1910, enfrentó hacia 1930 el problema de su masificación debido al elevado número de pacientes crónicos que hacían ver a la institución como un depósito de enfermos más que como un espacio terapéutico. Esta circunstancia condujo a la psiquiatría a su primera crisis de legitimidad como ciencia. Con el objetivo de combatir la leyenda negra en torno al manicomio, los médicos de La Castañeda promovieron la difusión en la prensa de un tratamiento de origen decimonónico que proyectaba la imagen pública de que los enfermos mentales podían tener la misma capacidad productiva que el resto de los hombres: la terapéutica por medio del trabajo. Esta propuesta contó con el apoyo del Estado emanado de la revolución mexicana porque el objetivo que guiaba la asistencia pública a los grupos más desprotegidos consistía en lograr su integración a la vida productiva del país a través del mercado, lo que se obtenía en el caso de los enfermos mentales a través de la terapia ocupacional.