Heat and water flux modeling in an earth dam.

This study aims to identify the water flux in an earth dam using heat flux due to convection. Sixteen earth dam models were constructed in a hydraulic flume by varying geometrical and flow input parameters to identify heat and water flux. Homogeneous as well as earth dams with clay cores were built in a hydraulic flume. Temperature measurements were done to calculate heat flux in the experimental model. A finite element model of the earth dam using Seep/w was developed to obtain water flux, while temp/w was used to obtain heat flux. These results were used as input in Temp/w and Seep/w in Geostudio 2020. Significant reduction of the heat and water flux was seen while comparing the homogeneous models with central impervious core models. An increase in the heat and water flux was observed on increasing the downstream filter's length, longitudinal slope, and vice versa with the upstream slope and the thickness of the clay core. Comparing fluxes in a homogeneous dam model (model 1) with the clay core model (model 9) with top width 2.4 m and bottom width 18 m in model 9, both water flux and heat flux were reduced by 78.46%. While comparing it with model 10, with bottom core width of 18 m and top core width of 1.9 m, both water flux and heat flux reduced by 77.72%. Heat flux measurements were found to be a valuable alternative to detecting water flux and seepage in an earth dam at a reduced cost.

Pilot-scale study to investigate the impact of rotating belt filter upstream of a MBR for nitrogen removal.

The goal of this study was to investigate what kind of impact the removal of particulate organic matter with 33µm rotating belt filter (RBF) (as a primary treatment) will have on the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance. Two small MBR pilot plants were operated in parallel, where one train treated 2mm screened municipal wastewater (Train A) and the other train treated wastewater that had passed through a RBF with a 33µm filter cloth (Train B). The RBF was operated without a filter mat on the belt. About one third of the organic matter was removed by the fine mesh filter. The assessment of the overall performance showed that the two pilot plants achieved approximately the same removal efficiencies with regard to total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus and total nitrogen. It was also observed that the system with 33µm RBF as a primary treatment produced more sludge, which could be used for biogas production, and required about 30% less aeration downstream. Transmembrane pressure was significantly lower for the train receiving 33µm primary treated wastewater compared to the control receiving 2mm screened wastewater.

Synthesis and Luminescence Characterization of LaBO3:Dy3+ Phosphor for Stress Sensing Application.

LaBO3:xDy3+ (x = 0.05 mol%, 0.1 mol%, 0.2 mol%, 0.5 mol%, 1 mol% and 2 mol%) phosphors were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction technique was used to confirm the formation of compound. Photoluminescence emission spectra shows two emission peaks at 470 nm and 575 nm when excitation wavelength is set at 352 nm. Photoluminescence intensity increases upto 1 mol % of Dy3+ and then starts decreasing. Dipole-dipole interaction is found to be responsible for concentration quenching of photoluminescence intensity. Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram demonstrates that the phosphor emits in bluish white region of the visible spectrum. Critical energy transfer distance between dopant ions was determined. The mechanoluminescence characteristics were studied by the impact method. The peaks of both the mechanoluminescence (ML) intensity and the total ML intensity of the UV exposed phosphors increases with increasing impact velocity for 1 mol % concentration of Dy3+. The ML sensitivity of the LaBO3:Dy3+ (Dy3+ = 1 mol %) phosphor is comparable with the reported ML of various inorganic phosphors. The thermoluminescence characteristics of the samples were also investigated. Thermoluminescence glow peaks were recorded with 480 Gy, 80 Gy and 20 Gy dose of γ-irradiation from Co60 Source. TL trapping parameters were determined by Chen's peak shape method and glow curve deconvolution method. LaBO3:Dy3+ phosphors were found to be good mechanoluminescent materials and can be used in stress sensing application.

Luminescence analysis of SrGa2 Si2 O8 : RE3+ (RE = Dy, Tm) phosphors.

This article reports on the luminescence properties of rare earth (Dy3+ and Tm3+ )ions doped SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphor were studied. SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphors weresynthesizedby employing solid state reaction method.From the measured X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the samplemonoclinic phase structure has been observed. Thermoluminescenceand Mechanoluminescence properties of the γ-ray irradiated samples have been studied. Photoluminescence spectra of Dy3+ activated SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphor has been measured with an excitation wavelength at 348 nm,and it shows two emission bands at 483 and 574 nm due to 4 F9/2  â†’ 6 H15/2 and 4 F9/2  â†’ 6 H13/2 transitions respectively. Whereas the photoluminescence spectra of Tm3+ activated SrGa2 Si2 O8 phosphor has been measured with an excitation wavelength at 359 nm and it exhibits two emission bands at 454 and 472 nm due to 1 D2  â†’ 3 F4 and1 G4  â†’ 3 H6 transitions respectively. In thermoluminescence study, γ-irradiatedthermoluminescence glow curve of SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Dy3+ phosphor shows two well defined peaks at 293 °C (peak1)and 170 °C (peak2) whereas thermoluminescence glow curve of SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Tm3+ phosphor shows peaks at 292 °C (peak1) and 184 °C (peak2) indicating that two sets of traps are being activated within the particular temperature range and the trapping parameters associated with the prominent glow peaks of SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Dy3+ and SrGa2 Si2 O8 :Tm3+ are calculated using Chen's peak shape and initial rise method.From the Mechanoluminescence study, only one glow peak has been observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rotating belt sieves for primary treatment, chemically enhanced primary treatment and secondary solids separation.

Fine mesh rotating belt sieves (RBS) offer a very compact solution for removal of particles from wastewater. This paper shows examples from pilot-scale testing of primary treatment, chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) and secondary solids separation of biofilm solids from moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). Primary treatment using a 350 microns belt showed more than 40% removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and 30% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at sieve rates as high as 160 m³/m²-h. Maximum sieve rate tested was 288 m³/m²-h and maximum particle load was 80 kg TSS/m²-h. When the filter mat on the belt increased from 10 to 55 g TSS/m², the removal efficiency for TSS increased from about 35 to 60%. CEPT is a simple and effective way of increasing the removal efficiency of RBS. Adding about 1 mg/L of cationic polymer and about 2 min of flocculation time, the removal of TSS typically increased from 40-50% without polymer to 60-70% with polymer. Using coagulation and flocculation ahead of the RBS, separation of biofilm solids was successful. Removal efficiencies of 90% TSS, 83% total P and 84% total COD were achieved with a 90 microns belt at a sieve rate of 41 m³/m²-h.

Impact of fine mesh sieve primary treatment on nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactors.

The purpose of this project was to investigate the effect of selective particle removal during primary treatment on nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). Two small MBBR pilot plants were operated in parallel, where one train treated 2 mm screened municipal wastewater and the other train treated wastewater that had passed through a Salsnes Filter SF1000 rotating belt sieve (RBS) with a 33 µs sieve cloth. The SF1000 was operated without a filter mat on the belt. The tests confirmed that, for the wastewater characteristics at the test plant, Salsnes Filter primary treatment with a 33 µs RBS and no filter mat produced a primary effluent that was close to optimum. Removal of organic matter with the 33 µs sieve had no negative effect on the denitrification process. Nitrification rates improved by 10-15% in the train with 33 µs RBS primary treatment. Mass balance calculations showed that without RBS primary treatment, the oxygen demand in the biological system was 36% higher. Other studies have shown that the sludge produced by RBS primary treatment is beneficial for biogas production and will also significantly improve sludge dewatering of the combined primary and biological sludge.

Systematic study of photoluminescence, lyoluminescence and mechanoluminescence in Ce3+ - and Eu3+ -activated Li3 PO4 phosphors.

Li3 PO4 phosphor was prepared using a modified solid-state diffusion technique. In this work, photoluminescence, lyoluminescence and mechanoluminescence studies were carried out in a Li3 PO4 microcrystalline powder doped with different rare earths. In photoluminescence studies, characteristic emission of Ce and Eu was observed. The lyoluminescence glow curves of Li3 PO4 microcrystals show that lyoluminescence intensity initially increases with time and then decreases exponentially. The decay time consists of two components for all masses. The dependence of decay time, especially the longer component, on mass has been investigated. Experiments on γ-irradiated crystals have proved that the light emission originates from the recombination of released F-centres with trapped holes (V2-centres) at the sulfuric acid-solid interface. Incorporation of bivalent alkali in solid lithium phosphate leads to an enhancement of lyoluminescence. A possible explanation for the experimental results has been attempted. The phosphor has a mechanoluminescence single glow peak. Mechanoluminescence intensity under various loading conditions was investigated. It is observed that mechanoluminescence intensity increases with increasing impurity concentration and increasing piston impact velocity. The results may be considered as only being of academic interest in solid-state materials.

Experimental and theoretical study of mechanoluminescence and lyoluminescence of Li3 PO4 : RE (RE = Dy and Tb) phosphors.

Li3 PO4 phosphors prepared by solid-state diffusion technique and lyoluminescence (LL) as well as mechanoluminescence (ML) studies are reported. Dy- and Tb-activated phosphors show dosimetric characteristics using LL and ML techniques. The energy levels and hence trapping and detrapping of charge carriers in the material can be studied using ML. Li3 PO4 phosphor can be used in the dosimetric applications for ionizing radiation. By using the LL technique, the LL characteristics of Li3 PO4 may be useful for high radiation doses. We also report a more detailed theoretical understanding of the mechanism of LL and ML.

Effect of selective organic fractions on denitrification rates using Salsnes Filter as primary treatment.

The purpose of this project was to investigate the effect of selective particle removal during primary treatment on downstream biological nutrient removal processes. Bench-scale Salsnes Filter fine mesh sieves were used as a primary treatment to obtain different organic fractions to test the effect on denitrification. Activated sludge and moving bed biofilm reactor anoxic tests were performed on municipal wastewater collected from two full-scale wastewater treatment plants located around the Oslo region (Norway). About 43% of the suspended solids in the wastewater was less than 18 µm, and 14% was between 18 and 150 µm. The effect of particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal on denitrification rates was very minor.

Effect of Ayurveda interventions in non-alcoholic grade II fatty liver associated with obesity - A case report.

Fatty Liver, one of the most common liver diseases worldwide, usually emerges due to lipid accumulation, mostly triglycerides in hepatocytes. Fat exists in the liver naturally, but if it surpasses 5-10% of the liver's total weight, it can result in fatty liver. In this case, report effect of Ayurveda intervention in grade II fatty liver is reported. Thirty-five-year-old obese male with grade II fatty liver presented with fatigue, abdominal pain, heaviness, and incomplete bowel evacuation to the National Institute of Ayurveda hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. On examination, there was no significant clinical abnormality except a high body mass index (BMI = 30.2). Hematological examinations revealed altered Alanine transaminase, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. The patient was diagnosed sonologically with a grade II fatty liver. The patient was given Ayurveda treatment for two months with three treatment regimens. The patient was assessed for improvement in signs and symptoms, hematological parameters, and quality of life using a chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ). After two months, significant improvement was observed in signs and symptoms, BMI (24.7), and CLDQ. No fatty tissue was reported sonologically, and all altered biochemical parameters were within normal limits. Present case highlights the potential of Ayurveda interventions in managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity.

Gynaecomastia: a decade of experience.

BACKGROUND: Gynaecomastia is the most common benign condition of the male breast and accounts for up to 80% of male breast referrals. We sought to identify any changes in the number of patients referred with the condition and assess its impact on clinical practice. METHODS: Patients were identified from two prospectively maintained databases. Diagnosis of gynaecomastia was based on clinical findings, ultrasound scan (USS) assessment and/or histology. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the number of men referred to a specialist unit and diagnosed with gynaecomastia. Gynaecomastia was more prevalent in the under twenties age group. Core biopsy (CB) became the histological investigation of choice for men with unilateral disease and there was no change in the percentage of men undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION: Most men are looking for reassurance that their condition is benign and that no intervention is required. Thus it is important to offer these men psychological support as part of their treatment.

Steroids use in non-oxygen requiring COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroids have become the mainstay treatment in severe COVID-19. However, its role is mild disease is controversial due to lack of robust scientific evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess effect of steroids in mild COVID-19 patients. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and medRxiv were searched from 31 December 2019 to 14 May 2021 for studies that reported effectiveness of steroids in non-oxygen requiring COVID-19 patients in terms of progressing to severe disease, mortality, duration of fever, duration of viral clearance and length of hospital stay (LOHS). Studies on inhalational steroids, case reports and reviews were excluded. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed by the Cochrane's ROB tool and ROBANS tool. Quantitative data synthesis was done using the generic inverse variance method. RESULTS: A total of 6411 studies were identified, 2990 articles were screened after exclusion. Seven studies which fit the criteria (involving 2214 non-oxygen requiring COVID-19 patients) were included and analysed. Overall odds of progression to severe disease among the non-oxygen requiring COVID-19 patients receiving steroids was 5.97 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-27.99, I2 = 0%] and odds of death (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01-1.79; I2 = 0%) as compared to the patients not receiving steroids. Mean duration of fever (7.4 days), duration to viral clearance (18.9 days) and LOHS (20.8 days) were significantly higher in the steroid arm, as compared to that in no-steroid arm (6.7, 16.5 and 15.2 days, respectively). CONCLUSION: Steroids in non-oxygen requiring COVID-19 patients can be more detrimental than beneficial. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD 42021254951).

COVID-19-associated mucormycosis presenting to the Emergency Department-an observational study of 70 patients.

BACKGROUND: Mucormycosis (MM) is a deadly opportunistic fungal infection and a large surge in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is occurring in India. AIM: Our aim was to delineate the clinico-epidemiological profile and identify risk factors of CAM patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). DESIGN: This was a retrospective, single-centre, observational study. METHODS: We included patients who presented with clinical features or diagnosed MM and who were previously treated for COVID-19 in last 3 months of presentation (recent COVID-19) or currently being treated for COVID-19 (active COVID-19). Information regarding clinical features of CAM, possible risk factors, examination findings, diagnostic workup including imaging and treatment details were collected. RESULTS: Seventy CAM patients (median age: 44.5 years, 60% males) with active (75.7%) or recent COVID-19 (24.3%) who presented to the ED in between 6 May 2021 and 1 June 2021, were included. A median duration of 20 days (interquartile range: 13.5-25) was present between the onset of COVID-19 symptoms and the onset of CAM symptoms. Ninety-three percent patients had at least one risk factor. Most common risk factors were diabetes mellitus (70%) and steroid use for COVID-19 disease (70%). After clinical, microbiological and radiological workup, final diagnosis of rhino-orbital CAM was made in most patients (68.6%). Systemic antifungals were started in the ED and urgent surgical debridement was planned. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 infection along with its medical management have increased patient susceptibility to MM.

Electrochemical deposition of three-dimensional platinum nanoflowers for high-performance polymer electrolyte fuel cells.

In the present work, the three-dimensional ultra-fine platinum nanoflowers are directly deposited on carbon-coated gas diffusion layer electrode (C-GDL) by a single-step electrodeposition method towards the application of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The surface morphology, particle size distribution, crystallinity, and chemical oxidation state of platinum nanoflowers are examined using various techniques. The morphological features of the Pt nanostructures are highly influenced by the difference in current density. Notabely, the Pt nanospheres converts into three-dimensional nanoflower with an increase in current density from -1.6 to -32 mA cm-2. Electrodeposited Pt catalyst on C-GDL as the cathode catalyst was fabricated and steady-state polarization studies were carried out. Mainly, the fuel cell performance is analysed considering the electrodeposited Pt morphology. Among the prepared electrocatalysts, the nanoflower shaped Pt catalyst exhibit a high peak power density of 660 mW cm-2 at 0.6 V in PEFC.

Fluorine-enriched mesoporous carbon as efficient oxygen reduction catalyst: understanding the defects in porous matrix and fuel cell applications.

Herein, fluorine enrichment in mesoporous carbon (F-MC) was explored to introduce maximum charge polarization in the porous matrix, which is beneficial for the preferential orientation of O2 molecules and their subsequent reduction. Ex situ doping of F to porous carbon derived from phloroglucinol-formaldehyde resin using Pluronic F-127 as a structure-directing agent is standardized. The optimized F-MC catalyst exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media (0.1 M KOH) with an onset potential of -0.10 V vs. SCE and diffusion-limiting current of 4.87 mA cm-2, while displaying only about 50 mV overpotential in the half-wave region compared to Pt-C (40 wt%). In the stability test, the catalyst showed only 10 mV negative shift in its half-wave potential after 10 000 potential cycles. The rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) experiments revealed that F-MC follows the most preferable 4e - pathway (n = 3.61) with a moderate peroxide (HO2 -) yield. This was further supported by density functional theory calculations and also deeply explains the existence of defects being beneficial for the ORR. The F-MC catalyst owing to its promising ORR activity and long-term electrochemical stability can be viewed as a potential alternative ORR catalyst for anion exchange membrane fuel cell applications.

Accuracy of sonographic localisation and specimen ultrasound performed by surgeons in impalpable screen-detected breast lesions.

The National Breast Screening Programme had dramatically impacted surgical practice. Up to 50% of all newly diagnosed cancers are now impalpable creating increased demand for image-guided localisation. Wire-guided localisation (WGL) is the current gold standard, but USS-guided localisation by radiologists is a well-documented and effective technique. Increasing numbers of surgeons are proficient in using ultrasound and may be as accurate as radiologists in localising lesions intra-operatively. Of 68 patients with screen-detected impalpable lesions referred to one surgeon in our unit between January 2005 and February 2006, 32 had mass lesions, which were well seen on ultrasound and underwent intra-operative USS-guided localisation performed by a surgeon. All lesions were correctly identified and 87.5% (n=28) were fully excised. Those lesions not fully excised were lobular cancers. Intra-operative sonographic localisation performed by surgeons is an accurate and effective technique. It may produce less patient anxiety and discomfort than WGL and allow more effective and efficient use of resources and theatre time.

Patient satisfaction and time-saving implications of a nurse-led nipple and areola reconstitution service following breast reconstruction.

Nipple tattooing is a safe and effective technique for restoration of the nipple-areola complex following breast reconstruction and has a positive impact on patient well-being and body image. This procedure is usually performed by a surgeon, but following appropriate training, a nurse-led nipple tattooing service was established in our unit in December 2005. All 14 patients who had undergone nipple tattooing over a 6 month period were contacted by telephone and questioned about their cosmetic results and satisfaction with the service. Hundred percent of patients were 'satisfied' with their tattoo and all patients rated the nurse-led service as 'excellent'. It was estimated that 20h of consultant time was saved. Our study demonstrates that a nurse-led service is associated with both excellent cosmetic outcomes and high levels of patient satisfaction. It also results in a significant saving of consultant time allowing more effective use of clinic and theatre resources.

Effect of Ovaprim doses and latency periods on induced spawning of Clarias batrachus: observation on larval deformity.

Induced spawning of C. batrachus was conducted at different Ovaprim dose and latency period combinations to observe the deformed larvae among the hatchlings. For the purpose, four doses of Ovaprim (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml/kg body weight) and five latency periods (11, 14, 17, 20 and 23 hr) were considered in 20 different combinations. There were no deformed larvae in the females injected with all four doses and stripped at 11 hr latency, as the eggs did not hatch. The percentage of deformed larvae (4-7%) did not vary significantly at 1.0-2.0 ml dose level in combination with 14-17 hr latency periods. While increasing the latency period beyond 17 hr at 1-1.5 ml dose level, the percentage of deformed larvae increased significantly and touched as high as 11%. The results indicated that 1-1.5 ml dose in combination with 14-17 hr latency are suitable to reduce the deformed larvae among the hatchlings during induced spawning of C. batrachus.

Mixed-matrix membranes with enhanced antifouling activity: probing the surface-tailoring potential of Tiron and chromotropic acid for nano-TiO2.

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were developed by impregnating organofunctionalized nanoadditives within fouling-susceptible polysulfone matrix following the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The facile functionalization of nanoparticles of anatase TiO2 (nano-TiO2) by using two different organoligands, viz. Tiron and chromotropic acid, was carried out to obtain organofunctionalized nanoadditives, FT-nano-TiO2 and FC-nano-TiO2, respectively. The structural features of nanoadditives were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which established that Tiron leads to the blending of chelating and bridging bidentate geometries for FT-nano-TiO2, whereas chromotropic acid produces bridging bidentate as well as monodentate geometries for FC-nano-TiO2. The surface chemistry of the studied membranes, polysulfone (Psf): FT-nano-TiO2 UF and Psf: FC-nano-TiO2 UF, was profoundly influenced by the benign distributions of the nanoadditives enriched with distinctly charged sites ([Formula: see text]), as evidenced by superior morphology, improved topography, enhanced surface hydrophilicity and altered electrokinetic features. The membranes exhibited enhanced solvent throughputs, viz. 3500-4000 and 3400-4300 LMD at 1 bar of transmembrane pressure, without significant compromise in their rejection attributes. The flux recovery ratios and fouling resistive behaviours of MMMs towards bovine serum albumin indicated that the nanoadditives could impart stable and appreciable antifouling activity, potentially aiding in a sustainable ultrafiltration performance.