Changing Policy for Inclusion: Peer-to-Peer Physical Exam Practice in Medical School.

Issue: Across the United States, the majority of medical schools teach physical examination using some form of peer physical examination (PPE). The process of being physically exposed in the presence of colleagues can be uncomfortable and cause students distress for myriad reasons ranging from religious and cultural practices to body dysmorphia and previous trauma experiences. This is especially problematic in educational systems which offer no other options, or make PPE a requirement of the curriculum.Evidence: Across all U.S. medical schools, trainees spent a median of 59 hours teaching physical examination skills. Of this time, 30% is dedicated to PPE practice. Despite this prevalence, there are data that show some students find this uncomfortable, especially women. Literature on best practices around PPE highlights voluntary participation, informed consent, and an available alternative to learning physical xamination skills. These are not uniformly available in all learning environments. There are little data around the impact of PPE on students who have experienced or are experiencing sexual trauma. Authors have drawn conclusions about the potential for harm given the prevalence of sexual mistreatment in US higher education.Implications: Our medical school policy required students to participate in PPE practice, undressing for the exams wearing only shorts (and a sports bra for women) an and a hospital gown. Students who could not participate in this practice for reasons ranging from mobility to religious beliefs had to seek individual formal accommodations to be exempt, putting the onus of change on potentially vulnerable individuals. We evaluated the policy around PPE, and concluded that the school's requirements could be harmful and isolating, as they required students to disclose their personal vulnerabilities while seeking exemptions from being examined by peers. At our institution, a group of students instead advocated for the school to review the policy and create a PPE procedure that was safer and more inclusive while supporting student learning. Our experience emphasized the potential for students to advocate for change, while also highlighting the need for greater research in the field of trauma-informed curricular design for medical education.

Mycobacterium goodii: An Emerging Nosocomial Pathogen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Mycobacterium goodii, a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium, is an emerging pathogen in nosocomial infections. Its inherent resistance patterns make it a challenging organism to treat, and delays in identification can lead to poor outcomes. We present a case of cardiac device pocket infection with M. goodii, complicated by both antibiotic resistance and drug reactions that highlight the challenges faced by clinicians trying to eradicate these infections. We also present a brief review of the English literature surrounding this disease, including a table of all reported cases of M. goodii infections and their outcomes to act as guide for clinicians formulating treatment plans for these infections. A clear understanding of diagnostic methods and treatment caveats is essential to curing infections caused by these organisms.

Cellulomonas, an emerging pathogen: a case report and review of the literature.

Cellulomonas is a rare but emerging human pathogen, causing infection in only 4 reported cases in the literature. We present the first case of ascending cholangitis with Cellulomonas bacteremia and sepsis, as well as a brief review of the literature. We summarize every case of Cellulomonas reported in the medical literature, including treatments and outcomes.

Vitamin D deficiency and adult asthma exacerbations.

OBJECTIVES: There is growing evidence indicating a connection between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of asthma exacerbations. This study seeks to assess the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the number and severity of asthma exacerbation in adults. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in 92 patients being treated for asthma at the University of New Mexico Adult Asthma Clinic. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were analyzed in adults with mild to severe persistent asthma. Using multi-variant modeling, the relationship was examined between serum vitamin D levels and the odds of asthma exacerbations ranging in severity from moderate to severe over the span of five years. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that vitamin D sufficiency was significantly associated with a decreased total number of asthma exacerbations (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.84, p = 0.002), decreased total severe asthma exacerbations (IRR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.24-0.72, p = 0.002) and decreased emergency room visits (IRR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20-0.88, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to the risk of severe asthma exacerbations in adults.

Treatment management of M. simiae infection complicated by severe immune reconstitution syndrome in two patients living with HIV.

Nontuberculosis mycobacterium are increasingly being identified as sources of disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. These infections can be challenging to identify and treat due complexities of diagnosis and inherent resistance to many medications. We present two cases of patients with human immunodeficiency virus who had Mycobacterium simiae infections, complicated by immune reconstruction inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We also present a review of the English literature surrounding the disease, including reported resistance patterns to antimicrobial therapy, which can be highly variable.

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination (PPSV23) in High-Risk Pediatric Patients With Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) following the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for pediatric patients aged 2 to 18 years with high-risk medical conditions. The PPSV23 is not a routine immunization for all pediatric patients and children who meet criteria for high-risk conditions may not consistently receive the PPSV23 vaccine, despite current recommendations. The goal of this study was to determine PPSV23 -vaccination rates in the high-risk pediatric patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients were included if they were 2 to 18 years of age on January 1, 2019, with a diagnosis of diabetes, and had ≥1 encounters within the health care system in 2019. The primary outcome was PPSV23 vaccination rates in the high-risk diabetic pediatric population. Secondary outcomes included identifying missed opportunities for vaccinations and the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections. RESULTS: A total of 366 patients met criteria for study inclusion. Patients had a mean age of 13.3 years and were predominantly white (69.8%). A total of 32 (8.7%) patients had documentation of PPSV23 vaccination. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. There were 32 cases of pneumonia charted before patients received the PPSV23 and one case reported after patients received the PPSV23 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: PPSV23 vaccination rates were low in this high-risk diabetic pediatric group, with many -documented missed opportunities for vaccination. This may be attributed to the vaccine not being a -routinely recommended for all pediatric patients.

Pneumococcal Pure Polysaccharide Vaccination in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Heart Disease.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine-23 (PPSV23) vaccination use in high-risk pediatric patients with chronic heart disease (CHD). METHOD: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients were included if they were aged 2-18 years and were diagnosed with CHD. The primary outcome was PPSV23 vaccination. Secondary outcomes included missed opportunities and the incidence of infections. RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-two patients were included; the mean age was 8.8 years. Only 40 patients (10.2%) had documentation of PPSV23 vaccination. Patients had a median number of three clinic visits in 2019. There were 114 cases of pneumonia documented in patients before receiving PPSV23 and one case reported after PPSV23 vaccination. DISCUSSION: PPSV23 vaccination in high-risk pediatric patients with CHD was low, with many documented missed opportunities for vaccination. This may be attributed to the PPSV23 not being a routine vaccination on the pediatric schedule.

Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity in Infectious Diseases Fellowship Training: Tools for Program Directors.

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has set clear priorities in recent years to promote inclusion, diversity, access, and equity (IDA&E) in infectious disease (ID) clinical practice, medical education, and research. The IDSA IDA&E Task Force was launched in 2018 to ensure implementation of these principles. The IDSA Training Program Directors Committee met in 2021 and discussed IDA&E best practices as they pertain to the education of ID fellows. Committee members sought to develop specific goals and strategies related to recruitment, clinical training, didactics, and faculty development. This article represents a presentation of ideas brought forth at the meeting in those spheres and is meant to serve as a reference document for ID training program directors seeking guidance in this area.

Granulomatous interstitial nephritis in the setting of disseminated Mycobacterium simiae: a rare presentation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Disseminated Mycobacterium simiae is a rare opportunistic infection reported most commonly in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Treatment can be further complicated by the occurrence of severe immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We present the first case of disseminated multi-drug-resistant M. simiae in the setting of advanced HIV, complicated by IRIS in the form of granulomatous interstitial nephritis causing acute renal failure. This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare complications of IRIS, as delays in therapy can be life threatening.