Ambient surface mass spectrometry using plasma-assisted desorption ionization: effects and optimization of analytical parameters for signal intensities of molecules and polymers.

Results are presented on the optimization and characterization of a plasma-assisted desorption ionization (PADI) source for ambient mass spectrometry. It is found that by optimizing the geometry we can increase ion intensities for valine and by tuning the plasma power we can also select a more fragmented or less fragmented spectrum. The temperature of the surface rises linearly with plasma power: at 19 W it is 71 °C and at 28 W it is 126 °C. To understand if the changes in signal intensity are related to thermal desorption, experiments using a temperature-controlled sample stage and low plasma power settings were conducted. These show markedly different signal intensities to experiments of equivalent surface temperature but higher plasma power, proving that the mechanisms of ionization and desorption are more complicated than just thermal processes. Four different polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), are analyzed using PADI. Mass spectra are obtained from all the polymers in the negative ion mode and from PMMA and PLA in the positive ion mode. For each polymer, characteristic ions are identified showing the ability to identify materials. The ions are formed from bond cleavage with O and CH(2) as common adducts. Ions were detected up to m/z 1200 for PTFE.

The effect of electrospray solvent composition on desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) efficiency and spatial resolution.

In desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) the interaction between the electrospray and the surface is key to two important analytical parameters, the spatial resolution and the sensitivity. We evaluate the effect of the electrospray solvent type, organic solvent fraction with water, analyte solubility and substrate wettability on DESI erosion diameter and material transferral into useful ion signal. To do this five amino acids, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and phenylalanine are prepared as thin films on three substrates, UV/ozone treated glass, glass and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Four different solvents, acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH) and propan-2-ol (IPA), are used with organic solvent fractions with water varying from 0.1 to 1. These model systems allow the solubility or wettability to be kept constant as other parameters are varied. Additionally, comparison with electrospray ionisation (ESI) allows effects of ionisation efficiency to be determined. It is shown that the DESI efficiency is linearly dependent on the solubility (for these materials at least) and for analytes with solubilities below 1.5 g kg(-1), additional strategies may be required for DESI to be effective. We show that the DESI erosion diameter improves linearly with organic solvent fraction, with an organic solvent fraction of 0.9 instead of 0.5 leading to a 2 fold improvement. Furthermore, this leads to a 35 fold increase in DESI efficiency, defined as the molecular ion yield per unit area. It is shown that these improvements correlate with smaller droplet sizes rather than surface wetting or ionisation.

A fibre-coupled UHV-compatible variable angle reflection-absorption UV/visible spectrometer.

We present a novel UV/visible reflection-absorption spectrometer for determining the refractive index, n, and thicknesses, d, of ice films. Knowledge of the refractive index of these films is of particular relevance to the astrochemical community, where they can be used to model radiative transfer and spectra of various regions of space. In order to make these models more accurate, values of n need to be recorded under astronomically relevant conditions, that is, under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and cryogenic cooling. Several design considerations were taken into account to allow UHV compatibility combined with ease of use. The key design feature is a stainless steel rhombus coupled to an external linear drive (z-shift) allowing a variable reflection geometry to be achieved, which is necessary for our analysis. Test data for amorphous benzene ice are presented as a proof of concept, the film thickness, d, was found to vary linearly with surface exposure, and a value for n of 1.43 ± 0.07 was determined.

Surface analysis using a new plasma assisted desorption/ionisation source for mass spectrometry in ambient air.

The authors report on a modified micro-plasma assisted desorption/ionisation (PADI) device which creates plasma through the breakdown of ambient air rather than utilising an independent noble gas flow. This new micro-PADI device is used as an ion source for ambient mass spectrometry to analyse species released from the surfaces of polytetrafluoroethylene, and generic ibuprofen and paracetamol tablets through remote activation of the surface by the plasma. The mass spectra from these surfaces compare favourably to those produced by a PADI device constructed using an earlier design and confirm that the new ion source is an effective device which can be used to achieve ambient mass spectrometry with improved spatial resolution.