The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition.

BACKGROUND: Severe trauma represents a major global public health burden and the management of post-traumatic bleeding continues to challenge healthcare systems around the world. Post-traumatic bleeding and associated traumatic coagulopathy remain leading causes of potentially preventable multiorgan failure and death if not diagnosed and managed in an appropriate and timely manner. This sixth edition of the European guideline on the management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following traumatic injury aims to advise clinicians who care for the bleeding trauma patient during the initial diagnostic and therapeutic phases of patient management. METHODS: The pan-European, multidisciplinary Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma included representatives from six European professional societies and convened to assess and update the previous version of this guideline using a structured, evidence-based consensus approach. Structured literature searches covered the period since the last edition of the guideline, but considered evidence cited previously. The format of this edition has been adjusted to reflect the trend towards concise guideline documents that cite only the highest-quality studies and most relevant literature rather than attempting to provide a comprehensive literature review to accompany each recommendation. RESULTS: This guideline comprises 39 clinical practice recommendations that follow an approximate temporal path for management of the bleeding trauma patient, with recommendations grouped behind key decision points. While approximately one-third of patients who have experienced severe trauma arrive in hospital in a coagulopathic state, a systematic diagnostic and therapeutic approach has been shown to reduce the number of preventable deaths attributable to traumatic injury. CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary approach and adherence to evidence-based guidelines are pillars of best practice in the management of severely injured trauma patients. Further improvement in outcomes will be achieved by optimising and standardising trauma care in line with the available evidence across Europe and beyond.

Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis: Changes in the Daily Clinical Practice, Modified Guidelines.

With current clinical practice, postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk is not only well controlled, but it is steadily decreasing, especially in orthopaedic surgery, thanks to fast-track and day case procedures, new surgical techniques, and potent antithrombotic agents. Thromboprophylaxis is becoming increasingly adapted to these patients. Aspirin is also extensively prescribed in total hip replacement and total knee replacement procedures in the United States and Australia. Mechanical prophylaxis is sometimes applied alone but most often combined with anticoagulant agents. However, large evidence-based studies are still needed to confirm these optimistic tendencies. In the meantime, physicians have to keep strong control over the VTE risk to prevent the reappearance of pulmonary embolism after admission to the surgical wards.

Comparative effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants versus low-molecular weight heparins for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: A nationwide database cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) after total knee or hip replacement (TKR, THR) is usually prevented with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and increasingly by direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). The aim of the present study was to compare the benefit-risk and medical costs of DOAC vs. LMWH in a real-life setting. METHODS: All patients with THR or TKR in France between Jan-1st 2013 and Sep-30th 2014, discharged to home, were identified and followed-up for 3 months in the French nationwide claims database, SNDS. DOAC users were 1:1 matched with LWMH users on gender, age and propensity score. Relative risks (RR) of hospitalized VTE, hospitalized bleeding and death were estimated using quasi-Poisson models. Medical costs were calculated according to the societal perspective, including total cost for outpatient claims and national DRG costs for hospitalisations. RESULTS: Most DOAC users (≥ 98.8%) were matched to a LMWH patient. For the 63,238 matched THR patients, the 3-month absolute risk of VTE was 0.9‰ with DOAC and 2.5‰ with LMWH (RR = 0.35 [0.23 to 0.54]), of bleeding 1.8‰ and 2.1‰ (0.88 [0.62-1.25]), death 0.7‰ and 1.1‰ (0.68 [0.40-1.15]). For the 31,440 matched TKR patients, risks were 1.6‰ and 2.3‰ (0.69 [0.42-1.16]) for VTE, 2.4‰ and 3.8‰ (0.64 [0.43 to 0.97]) for bleeding, and 0.6‰ and 0.8‰ (0.69 [0.30-1.62]) for all-cause death. Mean medical costs were 28% and 21% lower with DOAC than LMWH for THR and TKR, respectively. This nationwide study found a very low risk of VTE, hospitalized bleeding and death after THR or TKR discharge in patients with VTE prevention in real-life setting, with better benefit-risk profiles of DOAC compared to LMWH, and associated cost savings.

The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition.

BACKGROUND: Severe traumatic injury continues to present challenges to healthcare systems around the world, and post-traumatic bleeding remains a leading cause of potentially preventable death among injured patients. Now in its fifth edition, this document aims to provide guidance on the management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following traumatic injury and encourages adaptation of the guiding principles described here to individual institutional circumstances and resources. METHODS: The pan-European, multidisciplinary Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma was founded in 2004, and the current author group included representatives of six relevant European professional societies. The group applied a structured, evidence-based consensus approach to address scientific queries that served as the basis for each recommendation and supporting rationale. Expert opinion and current clinical practice were also considered, particularly in areas in which randomised clinical trials have not or cannot be performed. Existing recommendations were re-examined and revised based on scientific evidence that has emerged since the previous edition and observed shifts in clinical practice. New recommendations were formulated to reflect current clinical concerns and areas in which new research data have been generated. RESULTS: Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of post-traumatic coagulopathy have supported improved management strategies, including evidence that early, individualised goal-directed treatment improves the outcome of severely injured patients. The overall organisation of the current guideline has been designed to reflect the clinical decision-making process along the patient pathway in an approximate temporal sequence. Recommendations are grouped behind the rationale for key decision points, which are patient- or problem-oriented rather than related to specific treatment modalities. While these recommendations provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of major bleeding and coagulopathy, emerging evidence supports the author group's belief that the greatest outcome improvement can be achieved through education and the establishment of and adherence to local clinical management algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach and adherence to evidence-based guidance are key to improving patient outcomes. If incorporated into local practice, these clinical practice guidelines have the potential to ensure a uniform standard of care across Europe and beyond and better outcomes for the severely bleeding trauma patient.

European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Aspirin.

: There is a good rationale for the use of aspirin in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in some orthopaedic procedures, as already proposed by the 9th American College of Chest Physicians' guidelines (Grade 1C). We recommend using aspirin, considering that it may be less effective than or as effective as low molecular weight heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty and hip fracture surgery (Grade 1C). Aspirin may be less effective than or as effective as low molecular weight heparins for prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after other orthopaedic procedures (Grade 2C). Aspirin may be associated with a low rate of bleeding after total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty and hip fracture surgery (Grade 1B). Aspirin may be associated with less bleeding after total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty and hip fracture surgery than other pharmacological agents (Grade 1B). No data are available for other orthopaedic procedures. We do not recommend aspirin as thromboprophylaxis in general surgery (Grade 1C). However, this type of prophylaxis could be interesting especially in low-income countries (Grade 2C) and adequate large-scale trials with proper study designs should be carried out (Grade 1C).

Postoperative outcomes of frequent exacerbator patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after resection of Non-Small Cells Lung Cancer.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor of post-operative complications after lung cancer resection. The influence of the "frequent exacerbator (FE)" phenotype (at least three exacerbations per year) is unknown. Postoperative outcomes of frequent exacerbators (POFE) was a prospective observational study of patients with COPD undergoing lung resection for cancer. The inclusion criteria were: age >40 years, FEV1/FVC <70%, non-urgent surgery for lung cancer, filled out self-questionnaires. The primary outcome was assessment of postoperative pulmonary complications (purulent tracheobronchitis, atelectasis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, need of mechanical ventilation). Secondary outcomes encompassed the prevalence of the FE phenotype and its impact on postoperative complications. A total of 682 patients were screened from June 2014 to October 2015. 93 patients with COPD were included, 21 (23%) were FE. Postoperative tracheobronchitis, atelectasis pneumonia or respiratory failure (isolated or associated) occurred in 47%, 48%, 26%, and 38% of patients, respectively. Non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation were necessary in 4 (4%) and 22 (23%) patients. Purulent tracheobronchitis, pneumonia and hypercapnia (this last requiring noninvasive mechanical ventilation) were more frequent in FE (p = 0.043, 0.042, 0.015); however the number of patients wth at least one respiratory complication was not different (76% vs. 52%, p = 0.056). In all patients, multivariate logistic regression identified two independent factors of postoperative respiratory complications: male sex (OR 10.6 [95% CI 1.97-57.6], p = 0.006) and the FE phenotype (OR 6.33 [1.04-38.39], p = 0.045). Occurrence of postoperative complications in patients with COPD is high. FE phenotype is an independent risk factor.

Management of Severe Bleeding in Patients Treated with Direct Oral Anticoagulants: An Observational Registry Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of prothrombin complex concentrates and the role of plasma concentration of anticoagulants in the management of bleeding in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants are still debated. Our aim was to describe management strategies and outcomes of severe bleeding events in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of 732 patients treated with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban hospitalized for severe bleeding, included prospectively in the registry from June 2013 to November 2015. RESULTS: Bleeding was gastrointestinal or intracranial in 37% (212 of 732) and 24% (141 of 732) of the cases, respectively. Creatinine clearance was lower than 60 ml/min in 61% (449 of 732) of the cases. The plasma concentration of direct oral anticoagulants was determined in 62% (452 of 732) of the cases and was lower than 50 ng/ml or higher than 400 ng/ml in 9.2% (41 of 452) and in 6.6% (30 of 452) of the cases, respectively. Activated or nonactivated prothrombin complex concentrates were administered in 38% of the cases (281 of 732). Mortality by day 30 was 14% (95% CI, 11 to 16). CONCLUSIONS: Management of severe bleeding in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants appears to be complex. The use of prothrombin complex concentrates differs depending on bleeding sites and direct oral anticoagulant plasma concentrations. Mortality differs according to bleeding sites and was similar to previous estimates.

Perioperative management of patients on direct oral anticoagulants.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been licensed worldwide for several years for various indications. Each year, 10-15% of patients on oral anticoagulants will undergo an invasive procedure and expert groups have issued several guidelines on perioperative management in such situations. The perioperative guidelines have undergone numerous updates as clinical experience of emergency management has increased and perioperative studies including measurement of residual anticoagulant levels have been published. The high inter-patient variability of DOAC plasma levels has challenged the traditional recommendation that perioperative DOAC interruption should be based only on the elimination half-life of DOACs, especially before invasive procedures carrying a high risk of bleeding. Furthermore, recent publications have highlighted the potential danger of heparin bridging use when DOACs are stopped before an invasive procedure. As antidotes are progressively becoming available to manage severe bleeding or urgent procedures in patients on DOACs, accurate laboratory tests have become the standard to guide their administration and their actions need to be well understood by clinicians. This review aims to provide a systematic approach to managing patients on DOACs, based on recent updates of various perioperative guidance, and highlighting the advantages and limits of recommendations based on pharmacokinetic properties and laboratory tests.

Research ethics committee approval as reported for abstracts submitted to the annual Euroanaesthesia meeting.

BACKGROUND: The annual congress of the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) is one of the largest anaesthesia congresses in the world and exhibits more than 1200 abstracts annually. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to quantify the frequency of inadequate evidence of ethical approval for abstracts submitted to the ESA congress and to examine whether abstracts without appropriate ethical approval were subsequently accepted. DESIGN AND SETTING: All abstracts submitted in 2015 were adjudicated according to European ethical criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The proportion of submitted abstracts that lacked evidence of appropriate ethics committee approval. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of accepted abstract that lacked evidence of appropriate ethical approval; the proportion of correctly identified case reports; the proportion of accepted abstracts that lacked evidence of appropriate ethics committee approvals corresponding to location (within/outside Europe); and the proportion of accepted abstracts that lacked evidence of appropriate ethics committee approvals corresponding to a specific area of research. RESULTS: In total, 1792 abstracts were reviewed and 1572 (87.7%) involved humans. In 527 (29.4%), the authors failed to demonstrate adequate ethical approval with higher rates in abstracts submitted from Europe (32.1%) than the rest of the world (23.5%), P < 0.001. Appropriate approvals were reported in 80% of animal studies, 74.6% of case reports and 57.6% of human research studies. The proportion with evidence of adequate ethical approvals was lowest in obstetric anaesthesia and emergency medicine. Case reports were identified correctly 98.6% (347/352) of the time, but 14 research abstracts were assigned wrongly to this category. Most abstracts (68.5%, 361/527) lacking evidence of ethical approval were still accepted for presentation. CONCLUSION: Research abstracts lacking evidence of appropriate ethical approval are common worldwide. Societies shoulder the responsibility for ensuring that only ethically sound abstracts are presented at meetings. Abstract submission systems must include mechanisms to ensure that publications are accepted and judged not just on scientific merit but also on adherence to best ethical practice.

A retrospective comparison between delayed and early hip fracture surgery in patients taking clopidogrel: same total bleeding but different timing of blood transfusion.

PURPOSE: Managing hip fracture surgery in patients taking clopidogrel is challenging. The optimal timing for surgery remains unclear. Early surgery in such patients potentially increases peri-operative bleeding, whereas delayed surgery has been shown to be associated with worse postoperative outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a delay to surgery affects total blood loss, bleeding kinetics, blood transfusion requirements, or post-operative outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective monocentric study including all hip fracture patients treated with clopidogrel between 2011 and 2016 (39 patients) was carried out. Patients who underwent delayed surgery after withholding clopidogrel for five days or more, from 2011 to 2013, were compared to patients who benefited from earlier surgical procedures (within 48 hours of admission) from 2014 to 2016. RESULTS: Total blood loss, amount of blood transfusion and rate of postoperative complications did not differ between the two groups. However, the timing of bleeding was significantly different; blood loss occurred during the pre-operative phase in the delayed surgery group (p < 0.0001), whereas it occurred during the intra-operative phase in the early surgery group (p = 0.005). The length of the hospital stay was significantly shorter for the early surgery group than for the delayed surgery group: 11 ± three versus 15 ± four days (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Early surgical treatment of hip fracture in patients receiving clopidogrel does not increase the overall red blood cell loss or the transfusion requirement, but may affect the timing of blood transfusion. Hip fracture surgery should preferably be performed without delay in patients taking clopidogrel.

Fibrinogen Concentrates for Acquired Fibrinogen Deficiencies?

Surgical bleeding has been decreasing steadily for the last 20 years, but there are still some hemorrhagic procedures occurring in scheduled surgical settings and emergency procedures. The interest in potent hemostatic agents has recently focused on fibrinogen concentrates. A weak historical rationale based on the rapid decrease in fibrinogen concentration in the bleeding patient and several uncontrolled studies have prompted the use of fibrinogen concentrates in emergency units and in operating theaters. Very few positive randomized studies are available to confirm the usefulness of fibrinogen concentrates. The largest most recent double-blind studies are even negative. As recent guidelines recommend early and liberal use of fibrinogen concentrates in massive bleeding patients, this review reports the most important facts and studies on efficacy and raises some questions about safety.

Correction of prasugrel-related bleeding by prophylactic transfusion of human platelets in a rabbit model.

BACKGROUND: Prasugrel provides rapid and intense inhibition of platelet aggregation combined with an increased risk of bleeding. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of platelet transfusion to reduce blood loss after a prasugrel loading dose in a rabbit model. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-five rabbits were randomized into five groups: "control" (saline plus physiological buffer), "no-transfusion" (prasugrel plus physiological buffer), "platelet low dose" (prasugrel loading dose plus transfusion with a platelet count increase <80 × 109 /L), "platelet intermediate dose" (prasugrel loading dose plus transfusion with a platelet count increase 80-120 × 109 /L), and "platelet high dose" (prasugrel loading dose plus transfusion with a platelet count increase ≥120 × 109 /L). Naïve, washed human platelets in physiological buffer were transfused before bleeding was induced. Sequentially, a stenosis and an injury were carried out on the carotid artery to induce cyclic thrombotic occlusions. Ultimately, liver sections were performed to evaluate the primary endpoint of blood loss monitored for 15 minutes. RESULTS: Blood loss in the "control" group was 3.16 g/kg (inerquartile range [IQR] [2.87-4.89]) and was increased in the "no-transfusion" group to 6.15 g/kg (IQR [4.79-9.15]; p < 0.02). There was a gradual trend across the three transfusion groups toward less bleeding, and the highest dose of platelet transfusion significantly decreased prasugrel-induced blood loss (3.05 g/kg; IQR [2.55-3.56]; p = 0.006). Platelet aggregation was significantly but only partially restored in the latter group. Regarding safety, platelet transfusion was not associated with an increase in thrombotic events regardless of the dose. CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model, platelet transfusion aiming for a platelet count increase of at least 120 × 109 /L was necessary to correct prasugrel-related bleeding.

Postoperative bleeding and coagulation disorders.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New data have been made available in the field of haemostasis and thrombosis. Some long-awaited answers to important questions have been published, and some debates have benefited from an updated perspective. RECENT FINDINGS: Two important domains are addressed in this update: massive bleeding (1/1/1 ratios and fibrinogen concentrates) and the management of direct oral anticoagulants (monitoring and antidotes). Both are highly controversial topics. Higher plasma/platelets/red blood cells units ratios are now partly supported by a new study in trauma. Several studies show that preemptive doses of fibrinogen do not appear to bring any benefit. Monitoring of direct oral anticoagulants is now possible, and it has to be recommended in some circumstances. Specific antidotes are being developed, but there are still more questions than answers. SUMMARY: These new data should help anaesthesiologists and intensivists to better understand and manage massively bleeding patients or direct oral anticoagulants treated patients.

Preoperative risk factors of hemodynamic instability during laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.

BACKGROUND: Adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is considered to be a challenging procedure because of the risk of hemodynamic instability (HI), which is poorly defined and unpredictable. The objective of this retrospective study from a prospectively maintained database was to determine the predictive factors for perioperative HI, which is defined as a morbidity-related variable, in patients undergoing unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for pheochromocytoma. METHODS: A total of 149 patients with unilateral pheochromocytoma undergoing LA were included. First, HI was defined using independent hemodynamic variables associated with perioperative morbidity. Next, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent preoperative risk factors for HI. RESULTS: There was no postoperative mortality, and the overall morbidity rate was 10.7 %. The use of a cumulative dose of norepinephrine >5 mg was the only independent hemodynamic predictive factor for postoperative complications; thus, this variable was used to define HI. A multivariate analysis revealed that a symptomatic high preoperative blood pressure (p = 0.003) and a ten-fold increase in urinary metanephrine and/or normetanephrine levels (p < 0.0001) were significant predictors of HI. When no predictive factors were present, the risk of HI and the postoperative morbidity were 1.5 and 4.3 %, respectively. However, when two predictive factors were present, the HI risk and the postoperative morbidity were 53.8 and 30.8 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: Perioperative HI, defined as the need for a cumulative dose of norepinephrine >5 mg, is significantly associated with postoperative morbidity and can be predicted by symptomatic preoperative high blood pressure and above a ten-fold increase in urinary metanephrine and/or normetanephrine levels.