Treatment related problems for outpatients with chronic diseases in Jordan: the value of home medication reviews.

BACKGROUND: Research conducted in Jordan has shown that suboptimal use of medications by outpatients along with the suboptimal role played by community pharmacists is currently a big dilemma highlighting the need for the Home Medication Review (HMR) service in the country. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and types of treatment related problems (TRPs) for outpatients with chronic diseases. SETTING: Patient interview was conducted at the patients' community pharmacy initially, then at their home to collect required data. METHODS: 167 patients with chronic conditions (mean age 58.9 ± 13.54, 53 % males) were recruited. Data collected by the graduate pharmacists to conduct a HMR included patient's demographics, income, laboratory data, medical history, medication record, and adherence. A HMR was conducted for each patient by the researchers (experienced clinical pharmacists) to identify the patients' TRPs based on published literature. A focus group interview was conducted to elicit information regarding the feasibility of the HMR process and acceptability of the patient to the service. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence and nature of identified TRPs, associated diseases and drugs, and patients' acceptability to the HMR service. RESULTS: The mean number of disease conditions per patient was 4.1 ± 1.7, and the mean number of medications taken by each patient was 8.1 ± 2.7. HMR results showed a mean number of TRPs per patient of 7.4 ± 2.8. TRPs prevalence: 34.7 % of patients were found to have unnecessary drug therapy; 68.3 % had untreated conditions, and 74.9 % had ineffective/incomplete drug therapy; 50.3 % had inappropriate dosage regimen; 10.2 % were found to have actual adverse drug effects. A significant correlation between the number of TRPs and the number of disease states the patient had (r = 0.311, p = 0.003; Pearson correlation) and the number of drugs the patient was taking (r = 0.443, p < 0.001) was found. Patients accepted the HMR service well including the home visiting part. CONCLUSION: TRPs in Jordanian outpatients with chronic diseases visiting community pharmacies are of concern and this signifies the integral role of pharmacists to identify these TRPs and hence provide the HMR service in the country.

Home medication reviews in a patient care experience for undergraduate pharmacy students.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of conducting medication management reviews (MMRs) and home medication reviews (HMRs) on improving undergraduate pharmacy students' pharmaceutical care skills and clinical knowledge. DESIGN: Fifth-year bachelor of science in pharmacy students were enrolled in a structured course in which MMR cases based on real patient scenarios were completed, findings were discussed in groups, and comprehensive feedback was provided by course instructors. Each student was then asked to recruit a real patient through a community pharmacy and conduct an HMR. ASSESSMENT: Students' pre- and post-course scores on the same MMR case improved significantly, with 84.6% of students passing the post-course assessment. Students also completed a new post-course MMR case and 74.8% received a passing score. Students' answers on a post-course self-assessment showed a significant improvement in their scores regarding knowledge and skills in conducting MMRs and HMRs. CONCLUSION: Medication management reviews and home medication reviews are excellent tools for educating pharmacy students and providing them with needed actual clinical practice experience.