RESUMO
Herpes simplex encephalitis is an infrequent infection with high mortality and morbidity. Antiviral therapies decrease mortality but long term sequelae are still high, so early diagnosis is important for opportune treatment. We present a pair of twins with central nervous system herpes simplex infection during the first month of life. Both twins presented non-specific symptoms and consulted with 48 hours apart needing intensive care admission, the first one for noninvasive mechanical ventilation and the second for hemodynamic support. Diagnosis was made by cerebrospinal fluid PCR, in the first twin at day 9 of disease and in the second at admission. Both twins were treated with acyclovir, but only the second one at the beginning of her illness. Initial study with electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance was normal and cerebrospinal fluid on day 18 of treatment was negative for herpes simplex virus DNA detection in both patients.
Assuntos
Doenças em Gêmeos/diagnóstico , Encefalite por Herpes Simples/diagnóstico , DNA Viral/análise , Doenças em Gêmeos/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipient. To date, the antigenemia assay is the most used technique for diagnostic and management of CM V infections. However, quantification of CMV viral load by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has becoming the method of choice to detect CMV in a rapid, sensitive and specific manner. OBJECTIVE: To compare antigenemia and RT-PCR assays in the detection of CMV in blood sample from solid organ and bone marrow transplant (BMT) in children attended at the Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital. METHODS: In a prospective study, we detect the presence of CMV in blood sample by RT-PCR and antigenemia assays. RESULTS: We analyzed 219 blood samples from 68 children subjected to kidney, liver and BMT. Out of 219 samples analyzed, 147 were negative and 33 were positive for CMV by both techniques. Thirty-seven samples were positive only by RT-PCR and 2 by antigenemia. Considering the antigenemia as a reference, RT-PCR shows 94%, 80%, 34% and 99% sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, respectively. The kappa coefficient between both techniques was 0.528. CONCLUSION: Quantitative determination of CMV viral load by RT-PCR is a sensitive technique with excellent negative predictive valué compared to antigenemia. Our results support the use of RT-PCR as a technique that might facilítate the diagnostic and treatment of active CMV infection in pediatric transplants.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/sangue , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Transplante de Órgãos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/etiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , DNA Viral/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common causes of medical visit and antimicrobial use in children. A rationale management approach requires a thorough clinical exam and updated knowledge on local patterns of microorganisms involved and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Clinical diagnosis should be performed with pneumatic otoscopy. The most common microorganism causing AOM in Santiago, Chile according to local studies are Streptococcus pneumoniae (40%o), non-capsulated Haemophilus influenzae (29%), Streptococcus pyogenes (7%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (4%). S. pneumoniae has acquired resistance to penicillin in the last decade, resistance that has been extrapolated to other (b lactams such as amoxicillin, reason why broader spectrum antimicrobials are routinely prescribed. Clinical practice has consistently shown although that the great majority of children receiving amoxicillin at a dose of 80-100 mg/kg/day resolve their AOM. Recent studies from our group have demonstrated that resistance to penicillin can not be extrapolated to amoxicillin. In vitro high level resistance to penicillin vs amoxicillin is 18%> vs 0.5%. Based on this data, our current recommendation for AOM is amoxicillin 80 mg/kg/day, q 12 hours for 10 days in infants and for 5-7 days in children > 2 years of age who have not had an episode within the previous month. For amoxicillin failures, amoxicillin + (b lactam inhibitor or a second generation cephalosporin are recommended, especially in areas with a high prevalence of (b lactam producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Treatment of children with AOM universally require appropriate follow-up in order to comply with the proposed algorithm.
Assuntos
Otite Média , Doença Aguda , Algoritmos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Protocolos Clínicos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Lactente , Otite Média/diagnóstico , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , Otite Média/microbiologiaRESUMO
Herpes simplex encephalitis is an infrequent infection with high mortality and morbidity. Antiviral therapies decrease mortality but long term sequelae are still high, so early diagnosis is important for opportune treatment. We present a pair of twins with central nervous system herpes simplex infection during the first month of life. Both twins presented non-specific symptoms and consulted with 48 hours apart needing intensive care admission, the first one for noninvasive mechanical ventilation and the second for hemodynamic support. Diagnosis was made by cerebrospinal fluid PCR, in the first twin at day 9 of disease and in the second at admission. Both twins were treated with acyclovir, but only the second one at the beginning of her illness. Initial study with electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance was normal and cerebrospinal fluid on day 18 of treatment was negative for herpes simplex virus DNA detection in both patients.
La encefalitis herpética en una infección poco frecuente, pero que condiciona alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Las terapias antivirales han logrado disminuir la mortalidad pero no las secuelas a largo plazo que siguen siendo altas, por lo que el énfasis está puesto en la precocidad del diagnóstico, en aras de implementar un tratamiento oportuno. Se presenta el caso de dos gemelas con encefalitis causada por virus herpes simplex durante el primer mes de vida. Ambas gemelas presentaron síntomas inespecíficos al mes de vida y consultaron con 48 horas de diferencia, necesitando cuidados intensivos, la primera por requerimientos de ventilación mecánica no invasora y la segunda por inestabilidad hemodinámica. El diagnostico fue realizado por RPC cualitativa en LCR positivo para VHS, en la primera gemela el día 9 de síntomas y en la segunda al momento de su consulta. Ambas gemelas recibieron aciclovir, pero sólo la segunda precozmente, desde el inicio de los síntomas. El estudio inicial en ambas, incluyendo EEG y RM, resultó normal y el LCR del día 18 de tratamiento no presentaba ADN de VHS en ambas pacientes.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Doenças em Gêmeos/diagnóstico , Encefalite por Herpes Simples/diagnóstico , DNA Viral/análise , Doenças em Gêmeos/virologiaRESUMO
Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipient. To date, the antigenemia assay is the most used technique for diagnostic and management of CM V infections. However, quantification of CMV viral load by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has becoming the method of choice to detect CMV in a rapid, sensitive and specific manner. Objective: To compare antigenemia and RT-PCR assays in the detection of CMV in blood sample from solid organ and bone marrow transplant (BMT) in children attended at the Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital. Methods: In a prospective study, we detect the presence of CMV in blood sample by RT-PCR and antigenemia assays. Results: We analyzed 219 blood samples from 68 children subjected to kidney, liver and BMT. Out of 219 samples analyzed, 147 were negative and 33 were positive for CMV by both techniques. Thirty-seven samples were positive only by RT-PCR and 2 by antigenemia. Considering the antigenemia as a reference, RT-PCR shows 94 percent, 80 percent, 34 percent and 99 percent sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, respectively. The kappa coefficient between both techniques was 0.528. Conclusion: Quantitative determination of CMV viral load by RT-PCR is a sensitive technique with excellent negative predictive valué compared to antigenemia. Our results support the use of RT-PCR as a technique that might facilítate the diagnostic and treatment of active CMV infection in pediatric transplants.
Antecedentes: Las infecciones por citomegalovirus (CMV) corresponden a una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes sometidos a trasplantes. Hasta la fecha, la detección de CMV en células infectadas en sangre periférica mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia (antigenemia) es la más utilizada para el diagnóstico y monitorización de la infección por este agente. Sin embargo, en el último tiempo la cuantificación de la carga de ácido nucleico (ADN) de CMV en sangre mediante la técnica de reacción de polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real (RPC-TR) ha permitido la detección de CMV de forma más rápida, sensible y específica. Objetivos: Comparar las técnicas de antigenemia y RPC-TR para la detección de CMV en sangre en niños sometidos a trasplante de órganos sólidos y trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos (TPH) en el Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna. Metodología: En un estudio prospectivo de seguimiento preventivo de reactivación se detectó la presencia de CMV en muestras de sangre utilizando las técnicas de RPC-TR y antigenemia. Resultados: Se analizaron 219 muestras de sangre, correspondiente a 68 niños sometidos a trasplante de hígado, riñon y TPH. De las muestras analizadas, 147 fueron negativas y 33 positivas para CMV utilizando ambas técnicas. Treinta y siete muestras resultaron ser positivas sólo por RPC-TR y dos sólo por antigenemia. Tomando en cuenta la antigenemia como referencia, la RPC-TR mostró una sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictor positivo y negativo de 94 por ciento, 80 por ciento, 34 por ciento y 99 por ciento, respectivamente. El índice de concordancia entre ambas técnicas tuvo un valor de kappa = 0,528. Conclusión: La determinación cuantitativa de ADN de CMV por RPC-TR es una técnica sensible, con un gran valor predictor negativo comparada con la antigenemia. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo apoyan el uso de RPC-TR para el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de las infecciones activas por CMV en niños sometidos a trasplantes.
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antígenos Virais/sangue , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Transplante de Órgãos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/etiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , DNA Viral/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common causes of medical visit and antimicrobial use in children. A rationale management approach requires a thorough clinical exam and updated knowledge on local patterns of microorganisms involved and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Clinical diagnosis should be performed with pneumatic otoscopy. The most common microorganism causing AOM in Santiago, Chile according to local studies are Streptococcus pneumoniae (40 percento), non-capsulated Haemophilus influenzae (29 percent), Streptococcus pyogenes (7 percent) and Moraxella catarrhalis (4 percent). S. pneumoniae has acquired resistance to penicillin in the last decade, resistance that has been extrapolated to other (b lactams such as amoxicillin, reason why broader spectrum antimicrobials are routinely prescribed. Clinical practice has consistently shown although that the great majority of children receiving amoxicillin at a dose of 80-100 mg/kg/day resolve their AOM. Recent studies from our group have demonstrated that resistance to penicillin can not be extrapolated to amoxicillin. In vitro high level resistance to penicillin vs amoxicillin is 18 percent> vs 0.5 percent. Based on this data, our current recommendation for AOM is amoxicillin 80 mg/kg/day, q 12 hours for 10 days in infants and for 5-7 days in children > 2 years of age who have not had an episode within the previous month. For amoxicillin failures, amoxicillin + (b lactam inhibitor or a second generation cephalosporin are recommended, especially in areas with a high prevalence of (b lactam producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Treatment of children with AOM universally require appropriate follow-up in order to comply with the proposed algorithm.
Otitis media aguda (OMA) es una de las principales causas de consulta y de indicación de antimicrobianos en pediatría. El manejo racional de esta patología implica un diagnóstico acucioso y un conocimiento actualizado de las especies bacterianas involucradas en su etiología y de su susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos. El diagnóstico es clínico, a través de neumo-otoscopia. Los principales agentes involucrados en OMA en estudios hechos en Santiago de Chile son Streptococcus pneumoniae (40 por cientoo), Haemophilus influenzae no capsulado (29 por ciento), Streptococcus pyogenes (7 por ciento) y Moraxella catarrhalis (4 por ciento). S. pneumoniae ha adquirido resistencia a penicilina en la última década, lo que se ha extrapolado a otros (b lactámicos, como amoxicilina, y ha sido el principal argumento para indicar otros antimicrobianos en el manejo de esta patología. Pese a esta observación, en la práctica clínica los pacientes tratados con amoxicilina a dosis de 80 a 100 mg/kg/día responden satisfactoriamente, con mínimos fracasos terapéuticos. Estudios actuales, hechos en nuestro medio muestran que la susceptibilidad a penicilina y amoxicilina no son equivalentes, mostrando resistencia de alto nivel en 18 y 0,5 por ciento> respectivamente. El tratamiento recomendado hoy, de acuerdo con datos nacionales, es amoxicilina, 80 mg/kg/día, fraccionada cada 12 hrs, por 10 días en el lactante y por 5-7 días en niños > de 2 años, sin antecedentes de OMA a repetición. Como alternativa de tratamiento, frente a una falla del mismo, se propone el uso de amoxicilina + inhibidores de (b lactamasas o cefalosporinas de segunda generación en ambientes con alta prevalencia de H. influenzae productores de (b lactamasas y M. catarrhalis. El tratamiento de un niño con OMA implica, necesariamente, control y seguimiento hasta su mejoría.
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Otite Média , Doença Aguda , Algoritmos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Protocolos Clínicos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Otite Média/diagnóstico , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , Otite Média/microbiologiaRESUMO
El manejo de los pacientes pediátricos con cáncer y neutropenia febril (NF) requiere de su clasificación en alto o bajo riesgo de adquirir infecciones bacterianas invasoras (IBI), con el fin de implementar estrategias selectivas de tratamiento. Basados en nuestra experiencia y publicaciones internacionales al respecto, proponemos recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y manejo de niños con cáncer y NF, categorizadas según riesgo de IBI. Todos los pacientes pediátricos que presenten episodios de NF deben ser ingresados al hospital por al menos 24 horas. Durante este lapso se efectuará su evaluación clínica y de laboratorio con el objeto de clasificar el riesgo de este episodio y precisar el (los) posible(s) foco(s). Los pacientes de alto riesgo deben continuar internados hasta su recuperación. Los de bajo riesgo pueden ser manejados en forma ambulatoria. La elección de la terapia antimicrobiana inicial y los criterios para su ajuste deberán basarse en el hallazgo o no de focos infecciosos y en los patrones epidemiológicos e institucionales de susceptibilidad. La reevaluación de ambos grupos debe ser periódica (al menos en los días 3, 5 y 7 de evolución), y la respuesta terapéutica será clasificada como favorable o desfavorable según criterios clínicos y parámetros de laboratorio preestablecidos.