Topical treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.

Topical therapy plays an important role in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the gold standard in mild psoriasis cases and is also recommended in addition to UV and systemic therapy in cases of moderate to severe psoriasis. In this overview article we summarize the current therapeutic options, taking into account special localizations (scalp, facial, intertriginous/genital, or palmoplantar lesions) and situations (hyperkeratotic or inflammatory forms), as well as the therapy options during pregnancy and breastfeeding. In the initial phase, the combination of topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues has proven to be the therapy of choice, as well as monotherapy in each case. In maintenance therapy, fixed combination therapy is recommended once or twice a week. In addition to the right choice of active substances, the choice of the right formulation also plays an important role. To increase adherence, it is very important to consider the personal preferences and experiences of the patient. If topical therapy does not lead to a satisfactory result, additional UV therapy or systemic therapy should be considered.

Evolution of characteristics and biologic treatment effectiveness in patients of the Austrian psoriasis registry from 2004-2022.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the extent to which the recent introduction of more effective treatments has led to an improvement in real-world psoriasis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient characteristics and the first-year treatment effectiveness in biologic-naive patients have been analyzed since 2004 until now, irrespective of treatment switches. RESULTS: Data from 2,729 patients were eligible for this analysis. The proportion of female patients increased significantly over the years from 29.9% to 36.2% (p < 0.028), while the number of patients with psoriatic arthritis declined from 36.6% to 30.0% (p < 0.001). Moreover, the duration of psoriatic disease and PASI at the start of the treatment significantly decreased. Last observation carrief forward (LOCF) analysis indicated that PASI 90 response increased from 18.9 to 44.6% at 3 months and from 32.9 to 66.8% at 12 months after treatment started. Similary, the PASI ≤ 3 rates increased from 33.2% to 66.0% at 3 months and from 41.9% to 78.9% at 12 months after the treatment started. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous introduction of more efficient biologics has led to significant improvements in patient care and clinical outcomes. Though one out of three to five patients, depending on the endpoint selected, nowadays still does not achieve an entirely satisfactory treatment response (i.e., PASI 90 or PASI ≤ 3).

Lebensqualität und Behandlungsziele bei Psoriasis aus Patientensicht: Ergebnisse eines österreichweiten Querschnitt-Survey.

HINTERGRUND: Patienten mit Psoriasis sind mit einer krankheitsbedingten Einschränkung ihrer Lebensqualität konfrontiert, weshalb einer hochqualitativen dermatologischen Versorgung ein besonderer Stellenwert zukommt. PATIENTEN UND METHODIK: Wir führten einen bundesweiten Querschnitt-Survey in Österreich (BQSAustria Psoriasis 2014/2015) mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Lebensqualität und Therapiezufriedenheit bei Patienten mit Psoriasis in dermatologischer Behandlung vorwiegend an Zentren mit überwiegend tertiären Versorgungsaufgaben durch. ERGEBNISSE: 70,2 % der 1184 befragten Patienten berichtete über eine eingeschränkte Lebensqualität (DLQI 2-5: 29,4 %; 6-10: 19,3 %; 11-15: 11,5 %; 16-20: 5,2 % und > 20: 4,9 %) trotz Behandlung innerhalb der letzten vier Wochen (mit lokaler Therapie in 88,2 % und/oder systemischer Therapie in 38,7 % der Fälle). Mit den verabreichten Therapien konnte im Durchschnitt kein einziges von 25 definierten subjektiven Behandlungszielen im gewünschten Ausmaß erreicht werden. So litten 82,2 % der Patienten trotz Behandlung weiter unter Juckreiz, wobei statistisch hochsignifikante Assoziationen mit einem schlechten Gesundheitszustand in der letzten Woche (Spear-man-Rangkorrelation; p = 1.1e-45), dem Ausmaß des psoriatischen Körperoberflächenbefalls (p = 3.2e-11) und Kopfhautbefalls (p = 3.2e-11) sowie Schmerzen (p = 2.3e-22) vorlagen. Die Behandlung mit einem Biologikum war mit einer signifikant höheren Patientenzufriedenheit verbunden (Wilcoxon-Test, p = 2.0e-16). SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Die Lebensqualität der meisten österreichischen Patienten mit Psoriasis in dermatologischer Versorgung ist krankheitsbedingt beeinträchtigt, und es besteht ein Verbesserungspotenzial bei der Umsetzung von Behandlungszielen.

Quality of life and treatment goals in psoriasis from the patient perspective: results of an Austrian cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Patients with psoriasis experience impairment in quality of life. Thus, high-quality dermatological care is of particular importance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a nationwide cross-sectional survey in Austria (BQSAustria Psoriasis 2014/2015) with a special focus on quality of life and satisfaction with treatment among psoriasis patients predominantly treated at tertiary care centers. RESULTS: Overall, 70.2 % of 1,184 patients reported impaired quality of life (DLQI 2-5: 29.4 %; 6-10: 19.3 %; 11-15: 11.5 %; 16-20: 5.2 % and > 20: 4.9 %) despite treatment over the preceding four weeks (topical treatment in 88.2 % of cases and/or systemic treatment in 38.7 %). On average, none of the 25 defined subjective treatment goals was achieved to a sufficient degree. In particular, 82.2 % of patients continued to have pruritus despite treatment, which was highly significantly associated with a poor general health status over the preceding week (Spearman's rank correlation; p  =  1.1e-45), the extent of body surface area (p  =  3.2e-11) and scalp area (p  =  3.2e-11) affected, as well as pain (p  =  2.3e-22). Treatment with a biologic was significantly correlated with higher patient satisfaction (Wilcoxon-Test, p  =  2.0e-16). CONCLUSIONS: Despite dermatological care, the majority of Austrian psoriasis patients continues to experience impaired quality of life; there is potential for improvement in the achievement of treatment goals.

Survival and Effectiveness of Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha Inhibitors in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis under Daily Life Conditions: Report from the Psoriasis Registry Austria.

This retrospective multicentre analysis from the Psoriasis Registry Austria (PsoRA) was conducted to determine drug effectiveness and survival of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) agents in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis over a 9-year period. Data on 1,019 treatment cycles with adalimumab (n = 460), etanercept (n = 501), and/or infliximab (n = 58) administered to 827 patients (272 women, 555 men) were available for analysis. Compared with etanercept, adalimumab and infliximab showed superior short-term effectiveness. Intention-to-treat-calculated median drug survivals for adalimumab (1,264 days) and etanercept (1,438 days) were similar to each other (p = 0.74), but significantly superior to that of infliximab (477 days) (p = 7.0e-07 vs. adalimumab and p=2.2e-07 vs. etanercept, respectively). Their drug survival rates at 36 months were 51.6%, 56.0%, and 22.6%, respectively. Survival rates correlated significantly with effectiveness for adalimumab and etanercept, but not for infliximab.

Oral ponesimod in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ponesimod, an oral, selective, reversible modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1, in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. METHODS: Between Sept 22, 2010, and Oct 24, 2012, patients with psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores higher than 10 were enrolled into this multicentre double-blind, phase 2 study. They received 20 mg or 40 mg ponesimod or placebo once daily for 16 weeks. Those with at least 50% reduction in PASI score at 16 weeks and who were receiving ponesimod were rerandomised to receive maintenance ponesimod therapy or placebo until week 28. The primary endpoint was reduction in PASI score from baseline of at least 75% (PASI75) at week 16. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01208090. FINDINGS: Of 326 patients initially randomised (20 mg ponesimod n=126, 40 mg ponesimod n=133, and placebo n=67) PASI75 was achieved at week 16 in 58 (46·0%), 64 (48·1%), and nine (13·4%), respectively. The treatment effect was significant for the two ponesimod doses (both p<0·0001). Of 219 patients who entered the maintenance period, PASI75 was achieved by week 28 in 35 (71·4%) of 49 who continued on 20 mg ponesimod and 41 (77·4%) of 53 on 40 mg ponesimod, and in 19 (42·2%) of 45 who swapped from 20 mg to placebo and 19 (40·4%) of 47 from 40 mg to placebo. Ponesimod was associated with dyspnoea, raised liver enzyme concentrations, and dizziness. INTERPRETATION: Significant clinical benefit was seen at week 16 that increased with maintenance therapy. FUNDING: Actelion Pharmaceuticals.

Characteristics and outcomes of patients with psoriasis treated with apremilast in the real-world in Austria - results the APPRECIATE study.

Background: Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, is approved in the European Union for the treatment of moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients refractory or contraindicated to or intolerant of other systemic therapies. Objectives: The APPRECIATE study assessed apremilast use in real-world practice and its clinical value to physicians and patients. APPRECIATE was a multinational, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Methods: Apremilast effectiveness at 6 (±1) months was assessed on the basis of psoriasis severity and health-related quality-of-life scores and treatment satisfaction using physician/patient-reported outcomes, respectively. We report the Austrian cohort of 72 patients. Results: At 6 (±1) months, three-quarters of patients remained on apremilast, while physicians and patients reported treatment benefits across all psoriasis symptoms and manifestations. Of patients, the majority were satisfied with their treatment and achieved treatment goals considered most relevant. Patients' and physicians' perceptions of treatment effectiveness were aligned, and health-related quality-of-life scores indicated an improvement in the majority of patients. Apremilast tolerability was consistent with the known safety profile. Conclusions: Among psoriasis patients receiving apremilast in Austria, improvement in clinical outcomes were observed and satisfaction with apremilast treatment among patients and physicians was high. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02740218.

[S1 guidelines for the management of postviral conditions using the example of post-COVID-19]. / Leitlinie S1 für das Management postviraler Zustände am Beispiel Post-COVID-19.

These S1 guidelines are an updated and expanded version of the S1 guidelines on long COVID differential diagnostic and management strategies. They summarize the state of knowledge on postviral conditions like long/post COVID at the time of writing. Due to the dynamic nature of knowledge development, they are intended to be "living guidelines". The focus is on practical applicability at the level of primary care, which is understood to be the appropriate place for initial access and for primary care and treatment. The guidelines provide recommendations on the course of treatment, differential diagnostics of the most common symptoms that can result from infections like with SARS-CoV-2, treatment options, patient management and care, reintegration and rehabilitation. The guidelines have been developed through an interdisciplinary and interprofessional process and provide recommendations on interfaces and possibilities for collaboration.

Efficacy of two different methods of cold air analgesia for pain relief in PDT of actinic keratoses of the head region - a randomized controlled comparison study.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective method for treating actinic keratosis (AK) with pain during illumination representing the major side effect. The efficacy of two different cooling methods for pain relief in PDT of AK in the head region was compared. METHODS: Randomized, assessor-blinded, half side comparison study in 20 patients with symmetrically distributed AK on the head. Conventional PDT was performed on both halves of the scalp or face by applying 20% aminolevulinic acid cream (ALA) and subsequent illumination with incoherent red light. During illumination one side was cooled with a cold air blower (CAB) and the other with a standard fan (FAN) in a randomized fashion. Pain and skin temperature were recorded during and after PDT. The phototoxic skin reaction was evaluated up to seven days after PDT. The clearance rate of AK was assessed at 3 and 6 months after PDT. RESULTS: Mean pain (VASmean), maximum pain intensity (VASmax) and the mean skin temperature during PDT were significantly lower with CAB as compared to FAN (VASmean: 2.7 ± 1.4 vs. 3.7 ± 2.1, p = 0.003; VASmax: 3.8 ± 2.0 vs. 4.8 ± 2.5, p = 0.002; 26.8 ± 2.0 °C vs. 32.1 ± 1.7 °C; p=<0.001). The severity of the phototoxic skin reaction and the clearance rate of AK did not differ between the two cooling methods. CONCLUSION: Cooling with CAB during PDT has a greater analgesic effect than cooling with FAN. Patients with a lower skin temperature during illumination tended to experience less pain, however, this effect did not reach the level of statistical significance.

Dupilumab-Induced Lichen Planus: A Case with Oral and Cutaneous Eruptions.

Lichen planus is a chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated dermatosis affecting the patient's skin, scalp, mucous membranes, and nails. Drug-induced lichen planus is described after the administration of antimalarials, ß-blockers, methyldopa, NSAIDs, penicillamines, and sodium aurothiomalate. The use of biologicals such as adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab has also been linked with the appearance of lichenoid eruptions in the recent past. In this case, we report on a patient developing oral and cutaneous lichen planus after the administration of dupilumab. The lichenoid lesions occurred after 11 months of the drug's administration and involved the buccal walls, trunk, and extremities. Dupilumab had been administered in an effort to counter severe atopic dermatitis exacerbations. Dupilumab is associated with a downregulation of T-helper 2 cell activation by blocking the Interleukin-4/Interleukin-13 pathway, so leading to a TH1/TH2 imbalance. This imbalance may cause a shift toward a TH1-mediated immune response and be an explanation for the drug-induced lichen planus. Dupilumab was discontinued, and the patient was treated with oral corticosteroids and UVB phototherapy, leading to a significant improvement in the lichen planus lesions.

Real-World Experience of Patient-Relevant Benefits and Treatment Satisfaction with Apremilast in Patients with Psoriasis: An Analysis of the APPRECIATE Study.

INTRODUCTION: In the real-world APPRECIATE study (NCT02740218), most patients with psoriasis demonstrated notable improvements on disease severity measures and reported clinically meaningful treatment benefits with apremilast. OBJECTIVE: We aim to further describe patient-relevant needs and benefits and patient satisfaction with apremilast, including subgroup analyses based on patient characteristics. METHODS: APPRECIATE, a multinational, retrospective, cross-sectional study, enrolled patients with chronic plaque psoriasis who started apremilast according to the European label. Patient Benefit Index (PBI; range 0 (no patient-relevant benefit) to 4 (maximum patient-relevant benefit), global PBI score ≥ 1 indicating minimum patient-relevant benefit and ≥ 3 indicating high benefit) and nine-item Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9; range 0-100) were assessed 6 (± 1) months after apremilast initiation and summarized descriptively. Relationships between global PBI and TSQM-9 assessments were analyzed by Pearson correlations. RESULTS: Of 480 enrolled patients, 347 (72.3%) had remained on apremilast at 6 (± 1) months; 90.9% (300/330) achieved global PBI score ≥ 1. Mean (standard deviation) global PBI score was 2.8 (1.2). Higher achievement of global PBI score ≥ 3 was observed in patients with no prior treatments (61.1% (22/36)) or prior phototherapy (64.6% (42/65)) versus prior conventional systemic (54.4% (100/184)) or biologic (38.6% (17/44)) treatment. Strong correlations were observed between the global PBI score and the TSQM-9 global satisfaction and effectiveness subscale scores. CONCLUSION: Patients continuing apremilast for 6 (± 1) months in APPRECIATE reported patient-relevant treatment benefits. Findings suggest that receiving apremilast earlier versus later in treatment management is consistent with greater improvements in patient-relevant treatment outcomes.

Serum levels of glycoprotein Dickkopf-1 in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) glycoprotein is an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated elevated Dkk-1 serum levels in patients with diverse malignancies. In vitro studies with melanoma cell lines showed that loss of Dkk-1 expression may contribute to tumor progression. OBJECTIVE: The present study is the first in vivo investigation of Dkk-1 serum levels in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. METHODS: We analyzed serum levels of Dkk-1 protein in 82 patients with cutaneous melanoma. RESULTS: Serum levels were significantly increased (mean 83.01 pmol/l) in comparison to healthy controls (mean 29.36 pmol/l). No statistical difference in Dkk-1 serum levels neither between patients without or with lymph node metastases (p = 0.719) nor between patients with or without visceral metastases (p = 0.929) was found. Patients before excision had moderately higher Dkk-1 serum levels than after excision or with florid metastases. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that increased Dkk-1 expression is an early event in melanoma, decreasing in later tumor stages. It was shown previously that Dkk-1 activates cell death in melanoma cells. Our in vivo data indicate that a decrease in Dkk-1 could be a sign of loss of tumor control.

Psoriasis and IgE-mediated allergy: correlation or mutual inhibition? : A prospective cohort study in patients with mild or moderate to severe psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease caused by overactivation of TH1 (Type 1 helper cells) and TH17 (T helper 17) cells. Overactivation of TH1 cells inhibits the activity of TH2 cells involved in type 1 allergies, therefore, psoriasis patients might be less affected by type 1 allergies. This study tested if allergies were less frequent in patients with moderate to severe than with mild psoriasis. METHODS: Psoriasis patients at the study site reported possible allergy symptoms and were tested for common allergens by skin prick test and IgE levels. Psoriasis was classified by PASI scores (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) as mild (PASI <10) or moderate/severe (PASI ≥10). Patients without systemic therapy were assessed separately. Fisher's exact test was used to test for differences. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were included, 21 with mild and 76 with moderate to severe psoriasis. Allergies were found in 27.8%, most commonly against dust mites (23.4%) and grasses (18.1%). Allergies were found in 23.8% of the patients with mild vs. 29.0% allergic patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (P = 0.786). In patients without systemic medication, allergies were found in 21.1% vs. 35.3% (P = 0.463). CONCLUSION: Allergy prevalence was not reduced in patients with moderate/severe psoriasis, and generally close to the prevalence in the general Austrian population (24%). The inhibiting effect of psoriasis on type 1 allergies was not confirmed.

Effectiveness and clinical predictors of drug survival in psoriasis patients receiving apremilast: A registry analysis.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effectiveness and drug survival associated with apremilast under real-world conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of patient and disease characteristics on drug survival associated with apremilast and to elucidate clinical effectiveness with regard to the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) reduction. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, multicenter analysis from the Austrian Psoriasis Registry. RESULTS: Data from 367 patients were eligible for analysis. The 12-month drug survival rate associated with apremilast (ie, the proportion of patients on the drug) was 57.3% and decreased significantly in patients younger than 40 years (relative hazard ratio = 1.49, P = .007918). Sex; concomitant arthritis; previous biologic therapy; obesity; and palmoplantar, scalp, nail, and intertriginous involvement did not significantly affect drug survival. At 12 months, the response rates in patients receiving apremilast per protocol with a PASI of 50, 75, 90, and 100 were 80.0%, 56.4%, 38.2%, and 22.7%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Inclusion of a substantial number of patients with no record of absolute PASI at study entry and lack of PASI reduction follow-up data of 103 patients (28.1%) after starting apremilast treatment. CONCLUSION: Apremilast is a robust antipsoriatic drug for which the drug survival is not strongly influenced by most patient- or disease-related factors except age. Drug survival is significantly shorter in patients younger than 40 years.

[Guideline S1: Long COVID: Diagnostics and treatment strategies]. / Leitlinie S1: Long COVID: Differenzialdiagnostik und Behandlungsstrategien.

This guideline comprises the state of science at the time of the editorial deadline. In view of the high turnover of knowledge the guideline is designed as a living guideline. The main objective was to provide a tool for the use in primary care, being considered well suited as a first point of entry and for the provision of care. The guideline gives recommendations on the differential diagnosis of symptoms following SARS-CoV­2 infection, on their therapeutic options, as well as for guidance and care of the patients concerned. It also offers advice concerning return to daily life and rehabilitation. Long COVID being a very variable condition, we chose an interdisciplinary approach.

Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients With Early-Stage Mycosis Fungoides and the Effect of Oral Psoralen Plus UV-A (PUVA) Photochemotherapy on it.

Background: Little is known about psychological discomfort and quality of life (QoL) in early stage mycosis fungoides (MF) and the effect of psoralen plus UV-A (PUVA) on it. Objective: To evaluate QoL, anxiety, and depression with validated instruments in early stage MF patients and whether PUVA treatment improves it. Methods: Patients with stage IA to IIA MF were treated with PUVA twice weekly for 12-24 weeks, followed by maintenance treatment or not, in a prospective randomized clinical trial. Patients completed a questionnaire on DLQI as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) prior to therapy, after their last PUVA exposure, and after the PUVA maintenance or observance phase. Results: For 24 patients with early stage MF, completed questionnaires were available and analyzed. Prior to treatment, 17% reported strong (DLQI > 10) and 29% moderate impairment (DLQI 6-10) in QoL; 33% of patients reported HADS scores indicating anxiety, and 21% reported scores indicating depression. PUVA significantly improved overall QoL by reducing mean DLQI scores by 58.6% (p = 0.003), HADS-A by 30% (p = 0.045), and HADS-D by 44% (p = 0.002). Improvements in QoL and psychological well-being seemed to be sustained, irrespective of maintenance treatment or not. Limitations: Small sample size. Conclusions: PUVA sustainably improves QoL and psychological well-being in patients with early stage MF. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01686594.

Secukinumab Use in Patients with Moderate to Severe Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis in Real-World Setting in Europe: Baseline Data from SERENA Study.

INTRODUCTION: Secukinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that directly inhibits interleukin-17A, has demonstrated robust efficacy in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with a rapid onset of action, sustained long-term clinical responses and a consistently favourable safety profile across phase 3 trials. Here, we report the clinical data at enrolment from SERENA, designed to investigate the real-world use of secukinumab across all three indications. METHODS: SERENA is an ongoing, longitudinal, observational study conducted at 438 sites across Europe in patients with moderate to severe plaque PsO, active PsA or active AS. Patients should have received at least 16 weeks of secukinumab treatment before enrolment in the study. RESULTS: Overall 2800 patients were included in the safety set; patients with PsA (N = 541) were older than patients with PsO (N = 1799) and patients with AS (N = 460); patients with PsO had a higher mean body weight than patients with PsA and patients with AS; and patients with PsO and patients with AS were predominantly male. Time since diagnosis was longer in patients with PsO compared with patients with PsA and patients with AS, and about 40% of patients were either current or former smokers. The proportion of obese patients (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) was similar across indications. Patients were treated with secukinumab for a mean duration of 1 year prior to enrolment (range 0.89-1.04). The percentages of patients with prior biologics exposure were 31.5% PsO, 59.7% PsA and 55% AS. The percentages of patients prescribed secukinumab monotherapy were 75% (n = 1349) in PsO, 48.2% (n = 261) in PsA and 48.9% (n = 225) in AS groups. CONCLUSION: Baseline demographics of the study population are consistent with existing literature. This large observational study across all secukinumab indications will provide valuable information on the long-term effectiveness and safety of secukinumab in the real-world setting.

Medium-dose is more effective than low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for localized scleroderma as shown by 20-MHz ultrasound assessment.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that ultraviolet (UV) A1 phototherapy is an effective treatment for localized scleroderma (LS); however, the optimum UVA1 dose remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the immediate and long-term efficacy of low- versus medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy for plaque-type LS. METHODS: Three comparable plaques in 16 patients were treated with 20 J/cm2 UVA1, 70 J/cm2 UVA1, or no irradiation. In total, 30 treatments were given. Skin thickness was determined by high-frequency ultrasound examination and clinical scoring. Assessments were done at baseline, immediately after treatment, and 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter. RESULTS: Ultrasound measurement showed a significantly greater reduction of skin thickness with 70 J/cm2 than with 20 J/cm2 at all time points of the study except immediately after UVA1 treatment. The clinical score of the irradiated plaques also decreased substantially but failed to detect a significant difference between the two dose regimens. LIMITATIONS: Our results only pertain to plaque-type LS and are limited by a small sample size. CONCLUSION: Medium-dose provides for better long-term results than low-dose UVA1 in LS as shown by ultrasound assessment. With clinical scoring, no significant difference between the two UVA1 dose regimens was detected, indicating that ultrasound measurement is a more sensitive method for quantifying treatment-induced skin changes in patients with LS.