Lobectomy may not be suitable for patients with follicular neoplasm cytology

Background/aim: The most appropriate surgical management of follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN) lesions is still contradictory. We aimed to evaluate the data of our patients with follicular neoplasm treated with thyroidectomy. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 74 patients who were diagnosed with follicular neoplasm cytology (FN cytology) by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and had undergone total thyroidectomy or lobectomy with isthmectomy (LwI). Results: We examined a total of 74 patients, of which 64 (83.7%) were female and 10 (16.3%) were male. The malignancy rate in the pathological examinations of these patients was 31/74 (41.9%). The most common cancer among the patients with malignancy was papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) (20/31, 65%). Among the subtypes of PTCs, 11 were classical PTC, 5 were a follicular variant of PTC, 2 were the oncocytic variant of PTC, 1 was the diffuse sclerosing variant, and 1 was a columnar cell variant of PTC. Conclusion: Since most FN cytology has been pathologically diagnosed with papillary cancer and some papillary cancer subtypes have been unfavorable pathologically, total thyroidectomy should be the most suitable treatment option in this group. Lobectomy with LwI is not suitable for patients with FNAB-proven FN cytology.

Vitamin D Treatment in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis may Decrease the Development of Hypothyroidism.

The relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and vitamin D has been demonstrated in several studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate vitamin D concentrations in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the effect of vitamin D therapy on the course of disease, and to determine changes in thyroid autoantibody status and cardiovascular risk after vitamin D therapy. We included 75 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 43 healthy individuals. Vitamin D deficiency is defined as a 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentration less than 20ng/mL. Vitamin D deficient patients were given 50.000 units of 25(OH)D3 weekly for eight weeks in accordance with the Endocrine Society guidelines. All evaluations were repeated after 2 months of treatment. Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had significantly lower vitamin D concentrations compared with the controls (9.37±0.69 ng/mL vs 11.95±1.01 ng/mL, p < 0.05, respectively). Thyroid autoantibodies were significantly decreased by vitamin D replacement treatment in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Also, HDL cholesterol concentrations improved in the euthyroid Hashimoto group after treatment. The mean free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations were 0.89±0.02 ng/dL in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 1.07±0.03 ng/dL in the healthy control group (p < 0.001). The mean thyroid volumes were 7.71±0.44 mL in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 5.46±0.63 mL in the healthy control group (p < 0.01). Vitamin D deficiency is frequent in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and treatment of patients with this condition with Vitamin D may slow down the course of development of hypothyroidism and also decrease cardiovascular risks in these patients. Vitamin D measurement and replacement may be critical in these patients.

Three noninvasive methods in the evaluation of subclinical cardiovascular disease in patients with acromegaly: epicardial fat thickness, aortic stiffness and serum cell adhesion molecules.

CONTEXT: Several studies have reported increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to early development of endothelial dysfunction and structural vascular changes in patients with acromegaly. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate subclinical cardiovascular disease with epicardial fat thickness (EFT), aortic stiffness and serum levels of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in patients with acromegaly. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven patients with active acromegaly (AA), 13 patients with remission acromegaly (RA) and 37 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied. MEASUREMENTS: Epicardial fat thickness was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Aortic stiffness (ß) index, aortic strain (AoS) and aortic distensibility (AoD) were calculated from the aortic diameters measured by TTE. Serum levels of CAMs such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and E-selectin were measured. RESULTS: Epicardial fat thickness was significantly increased in patients with RA and AA as compared to controls 9·71 ± 1·54 and 10·08 ± 1·95 mm vs 5·74 ± 0·92 mm, P < 0·001, respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between the EFT and growth hormone (GH) levels (r = 0·365, P = 0·024). ß-index was similarly higher in patients with RA and AA than controls (15·68 ± 7·27 and 11·90 ± 8·24 vs 6·85 ± 2·87, P < 0·001, respectively). AoS and AoD were significantly decreased in patients with RA and AA as compared to the control group (3·81 ± 1·94 and 3·68 ± 1·99 vs 8·19 ± 4·19%, P < 0·001, respectively; and 1·21 ± 0·66 and 1·18 ± 0·63 vs 2·58 ± 1·50, 10(-6) cm(2) /dyn, P < 0·001, respectively). Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in patients as compared to the control group (P < 0·001 vs P = 0·032, respectively). There were no significant differences in EFT, AoD, AoS, ß-index and serum CAMs between two patients groups (AA vs RA, P > 0·05). There was a significant negative correlation between E-selectin and AoD (r = -0·45, P = 0·008). In multiple linear regression analysis, EFT was found to be associated with GH levels (ß-coefficient = 0·575, P = 0·008). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that EFT and risk of subclinical cardiovascular disease are increased in patients with acromegaly. Serum GH level is an independent risk factor for EFT.

Hyperprolactinaemia associated with increased thyroid volume and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with prolactinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of hyperprolactinaemia on thyroid function, volume and nodularity in patients with prolactinoma. CONTEXT: Hyperprolactinaemia has been associated with various autoimmune diseases; however, the data on the correlation between the level of prolactin (PRL) and thyroid disorders have not been adequately clarified. DESIGN: Case-control study. PATIENTS: Forty-eight subjects with new diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia (group 1) and 39 subjects undergoing treatment for prolactinoma (group 2) were recruited from our outpatient clinic. Fifty-two healthy subjects were included as a control group (group 3). MEASUREMENTS: The serum PRL, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (free T4), thyroidal microsome (anti-TPO) and antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) levels were evaluated, and ultrasonographic thyroid volume was calculated. RESULTS: The frequencies of positive anti-TPO and TgAb were significantly higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (P = 0·008). Also, the percentage of patients with thyroid heterogeneity were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3 (P < 0·05). The percentage of patients with thyroid nodules were higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p1-2 = 0·03, p1-3 = 0·05 and p2-3 = 0·637). The mean thyroid volume was significantly higher in group 1 (P = 0·001), and a positive correlation was found between thyroid volume and the level of PRL (r = 0·616; P = 0·0001). Prolactin had a significant effect on the total volume according to stepwise multiple linear regression analysis (adjusted R(2) is 0·268; P < 0·0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hyperprolactinaemia have significantly increased thyroid volume, thyroid autoimmunity and nodule prevalence.

Frequency of nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease and association of these disorders with insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrine disease in women. Nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) are endocrinologic abnormalities that have high prevalence. The purpose of our study was to detect the prevalence of AITD and nodular goiter in patients with PCOS and investigate whether PCOS-related hormones and metabolic factors affect these thyroid disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-seven women with PCOS and 71 healthy female volunteers were recruited into the study. Serum-free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroperoxidase antibody and anti-thyroglobulin antibody levels were evaluated. Thyroid volume (TV) was calculated using ultrasonography. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI), Waist/Hip ratio, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins, and fasting insulin were significantly higher in the PCOS group (p<.05). The control group had significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol results (p=.005). The mean TV was 11.4±4.7 mL in the PCOS group and 9.9±2.8 mL in the controls (p=.022). Twenty-nine patients with PCOS (29/97; 29.9%) had thyroid nodules, whereas only eleven control subjects had thyroid nodules (11/71; 15.5%) (p=.043). The frequency of AITD was significantly higher in the PCOS group (p=.001). A statistically significant relationship was found between TV and age, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, BMI, and fasting insulin (p<.05). Participants with thyroid nodules were older and had higher fasting glucose, BMI, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR values compared with those without thyroid nodules (p<.05). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that TV and frequency of nodular goiter were increased in patients with PCOS. This result was related with insulin resistance. Therefore, we recommend that patients with PCOS must be investigated for the development of nodular goiter and AITD.

A potential link between endothelial function, cardiovascular risk, and metabolic syndrome in patients with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthetase. Elevated ADMA reduces NO formation and is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The aims of this study were to evaluate endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk (CVR) profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to determine whether or not an association with metabolic syndrome (MS) increases these parameters. METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive patients with NAFLD, who were seen in Liver Disease Outpatient clinic and 45 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Endothelial function was evaluated based on the serum ADMA level measured using a validated ELISA kit (DLD Diagnostika GMBH, Hamburg, Germany) and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMV) measured via high-resolution external ultrasonography. The CVR profile was calculated according to the Framingham equation. RESULTS: At baseline there weren't any significant differences in brachial artery diameter between the NAFLD and control groups (3.7 ± 0.6 mm vs. 3.6 ± 0.6 mm, respectively). FMV and flow-independent vasodilatation in response to sublingual nitroglycerin did not differ between the NAFLD and control groups (mean: 16% ± 9.4% vs. 17.9% ± 12.4%, and 21.4% ± 14% vs. 17.8% ± 11.3%, respectively, p > 0.05). No significant difference in the serum ADMA concentration between the NAFLD and control groups was observed (mean: 0.8 ± 0.07 µmol L(-1) vs. 0.74 ± 0.2 µmol L(-1), respectively). The CVR profile was significantly higher in the NAFLD group than in the control group (mean: 9% ± 6.9% vs. 4.6% ± 3.8%, P = 0.000). MS associated with NAFLD significantly increased the CVR profile (mean: 11.2% ± 7.4%, P = 0.000). An abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase level (>37 IU L(-1)) and the presence of fibrosis did not increase the CVR profile (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of cardiovascular events is increased in patients with NAFLD. The association with MS is further increased such risk.

Insulin-like growth factor 1, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance in patients with PCOS and hirsutism.

AIM: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are commonly seen in patients with hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and are associated with cardiovascular disease risk. However, it is not yet known whether insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and alanine transaminase (ALT) produced by the liver play roles in hyperinsulinemia and subclinical atherosclerotic process in patients with PCOS and idiopathic hirsutism (IH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective case-controlled study. The study population consisted of 25 reproductive-age PCOS women, 33 women with IH, and 25 control subjects. RESULTS: Mean IGF-I levels and median ALT levels were higher in patients with IH and PCOS than controls, but these differences were not statistically significant. The participants who had a homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) greater than 2.7 had significantly higher IGF-1 and ALT levels. ALT levels were positively correlated with body mass index, FG, insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION: The study illustrated that IGF-1 and ALT levels were significantly higher in patients with increased insulin resistance. Due to short disease duration in younger participants, we did not observe any correlation between IGF-1 and hyperinsulinemia. These findings suggest that increased hepatic production of IGF-I and ALT might be an early indicator of insulin resistance in hirsutism.

Solitary fibrous tumor of neck mimicking cold thyroid nodule in 99m tc thyroid scintigraphy.

A 68-year-old man had a rapidly growing, painless neck mass, thought to be nodular goiter. Ultrasonography showed a giant, heterogeneous mass occupying the middle and superior poles and protruding outside of the left thyroid lobe. The results of the thyroid function tests were normal. Thyroid scintigraphy revealed a large hypoactive nodule in the left thyroid lobe. Complete surgical removal of tumor was performed and macroscopically demonstrated a well-demarked lesion outside the thyroid gland. Microscopically, the lesion was composed of fibroblast-like spindle cells in a patternless architecture and extensive stromal hyalinization. Immunohistochemistry showed positive reaction for CD34 in spindle cells and diffuse bcl-2 staining. The pathology was confirmed as solitary fibrous tumor. In the follow-up period after surgery, thyroid scintigraphy showed normal left thyroid lobe. Solitary fibrous tumor originated from or associated with thyroid gland is extremely rare. According to our knowledge, this is the first reported solitary fibrous tumor presenting like a cold thyroid nodule. This pathology must be considered for differential diagnosis of neck masses in the thyroid region.

Ganglioneuromatous polyposis of the colon in a patient with multiple adenomatous polyps.

Ganglioneuroma of the gastrointestinal tract is an extremely rare neuroectodermal tumor that can be located in the colon. In clinical practice, it is usually associated with a systemic disease. Herein, we report a case presented with intermittent rectal bleeding and finally diagnosed with ganglioneuromatous polyposis and multiple adenomatous polyps in the colon. We also discuss the patients reported in the pertinent literature.