Increased volatile anesthetic requirement in short-sleeping Drosophila mutants.

BACKGROUND: Anesthesia and sleep share physiologic and behavioral similarities. The anesthetic requirement of the recently identified Drosophila mutant minisleeper and other Drosophila mutants was investigated. METHODS: Sleep and wakefulness were determined by measuring activity of individual wild-type and mutant flies. Based on the response of the flies at different concentrations of the volatile anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane, concentration-response curves were generated and EC50 values were calculated. RESULTS: The average amount of daily sleep in wild-type Drosophila (n = 64) was 965 +/- 15 min, and 1,022 +/- 29 in Na[har](P > 0.05; n = 32) (mean +/- SEM, all P compared to wild-type and other shaker alleles). Sh flies slept 584 +/- 13 min (n = 64, P < 0.01), Sh flies 412 +/- 22 min (n = 32, P < 0.01), and Sh flies 782 +/- 25 min (n = 32, P < 0.01). The EC50 values for isoflurane were 0.706 (95% CI 0.649 to 0.764, n = 661) and for sevoflurane 1.298 (1.180 to 1.416, n = 522) in wild-type Drosophila; 1.599 (1.527 to 1.671, n = 308) and 2.329 (2.177 to 2.482, n = 282) in Sh, 1.306 (1.212 to 1.400, n = 393) and 2.013 (1.868 to 2.158, n = 550) in Sh, 0.957 (0.860 to 1.054, n = 297) and 1.619 (1.508 to 1.731, n = 386) in Sh, and 0.6154 (0.581 to 0.649, n = 360; P < 0.05) and 0.9339 (0.823 to 1.041, n = 274) in Na[har], respectively (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A single-gene mutation in Drosophila that causes an extreme reduction in daily sleep is responsible for a significant increase in the requirement of volatile anesthetics. This suggests that a single gene mutation affects both sleep behavior and anesthesia and sedation.

Interaction of the amyloid precursor like protein 1 with the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor increases agonist-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists exert potent analgesic and sedative/hypnotic effects. In addition, they have been shown to be neuroprotective, but the mechanisms of these actions are still poorly defined. To isolate proteins that may control alpha2-adrenergic receptor function or trafficking, we performed a two-hybrid screen using the carboxy-terminal fourth intracellular tail of the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor as bait. This screen identified the amyloid precursor like protein 1 (APLP1), a homologue of the beta-amyloid precursor protein involved in Alzheimer's disease, as alpha2A-adrenergic receptor-binding protein. GST affinity chromatography revealed that APLP1 specifically interacts with all three human alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes and deletion mutant analysis confined the APLP1 domain involved in binding to alpha2-adrenergic receptors to the 13 amino acid residues Ser599-Ala611. Coimmunoprecipitations of transiently transfected cells with epitope-tagged APLP1 and alpha2-adrenergic receptors confirmed the interaction. Agonist treatment tended to increase the amount of alpha2A-adrenergic receptor associated with APLP1 while coimmunoprecipitations were not affected by the state of receptor phosphorylation or cotransfection of arrestin-3. Confocal laser microscopy showed that APLP1 causes a considerable shift of the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor localization from plasma membrane to intracellular compartments. Furthermore, cotransfection of alpha2A-adrenergic receptor and APLP1 into HEK293 cells significantly increased norepinephrine mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest a possible role of APLP1 in regulation of alpha2A-adrenergic receptor trafficking. Moreover, we speculate that this interaction may present one mechanism by which alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists exert their neuroprotective effects.

Nefopam but not physostigmine affects the thermoregulatory response in mice via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.

Nefopam, a non-opioid, centrally acting benzoxazocine analgesic, proved to be as efficient in treatment of postanaesthetic thermoregulatory shivering as clonidine or meperidine. However, its exact mechanism of action is still unclear. Potent anti-shivering activity was also demonstrated for physostigmine primarily based on cholinergic but probably also different additional mechanisms of action. Hypothesizing an involvement of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors we studied their role in nefopam- and physostigmine-mediated thermoregulation in a mouse model of nonshivering thermogenesis. To differentiate possible alpha(2)-adrenoceptor subtype-specific interactions, we analysed wildtype mice and mice with deletion of the alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)- or alpha(2C)-adrenoceptor (knock out). Ten mice of each genotype (n = 40) were administered saline, saline plus atipamezole, 1 mg/kg nefopam, 25 mg/kg nefopam, 25 mg/kg nefopam plus atipamezole, physostigmine and physostigmine plus atipamezole intraperitoneally. Each mouse was randomly subjected to each of the seven different treatments. Afterwards, the mice were positioned into a plexiglas chamber where rectal temperature and mixed expired carbon dioxide were measured during following whole body cooling. Thermoregulatory threshold temperature of nonshivering thermogenesis and maximum response intensity were analysed. Nefopam decreased the thermoregulatory threshold temperature in wildtype, alpha(2B)- and alpha(2C)-adrenoceptor mice. This effect was partially abolished by additional administration of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole. In alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor knock out mice, nefopam did not affect the thermoregulatory threshold. In contrast, physostigmine decreased the thermoregulatory threshold in wildtype and all alpha(2)-adrenoceptor knock out mice independently from additional atipamezole administration. Our results indicate an important role of the alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor in the thermoregulatory response induced by nefopam but not by physostigmine in mice.

Interaction of the ubiquitin carboxyl terminal esterase L1 with alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors inhibits agonist-mediated p44/42 MAP kinase activation.

Neuroprotective effects of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists are mediated via the alpha(2A)AR subtype, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions are still not elucidated. A two-hybrid screen was performed to identify new proteins that may control alpha(2)AR receptor function and trafficking. This screen identified the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (Uch-L1), a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, as alpha(2)AR interacting protein. This interaction was confirmed and evaluated by GST pull down assays demonstrating that Uch-L1 binds preferentially to the alpha(2A)AR subtype and only with less affinity to alpha(2B)AR and alpha(2C)AR. Co-immunoprecipitation of epitope-tagged proteins confirmed the specificity of this interaction in vivo. Moreover, co-transfection of a truncated G-protein coupled receptor kinase-DNA preventing alpha(2)AR phosphorylation led to an increased signal-strength of coimmunoprecipitated Uch-L1. Confocal laser microscopy showed that interaction of alpha(2A)AR and Uch-L1 occurred in the cytoplasm. alpha(2)AR agonist mediated activation of p44/42 MAP Kinase was drastically decreased in the presence of Uch-L1 indicating a functional relevance of this interaction. These findings may present a mechanism contributing to subtype-specific alpha(2)AR trafficking and a potential pathway for the neuroprotective effects of alpha(2)AR agonists.