RESUMO
Aiming to improve upon previously disclosed Factor Xa inhibitors, a series of 4,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamides were explored with the intent of increasing the projected human half-life versus 5 (projected human t(1/2)=6 h). A stereospecific route to compounds containing a 4-aryl-4-hydroxypyrrolidine scaffold was developed, resulting in several compounds that demonstrated an increase in the half-life as well as an increase in the in vitro potency compared to 5. Reported herein is the discovery of 26, containing a (2R,4S)-4-hydroxy-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-pyrrolidine scaffold, which is a selective, orally bioavailable, efficacious Factor Xa inhibitor that appears suitable for a once-daily dosing (projected human t(1/2)=23 h).
Assuntos
Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Cristalografia por Raios X , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Pirrolidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
A new series of alpha-aryl or alpha-heteroarylphenyl propanoic acid derivatives was synthesized that incorporate acetylene-, ethylene-, propyl-, or nitrogen-derived linkers as a replacement of the commonly used ether moiety that joins the central phenyl ring with the lipophilic tail. The effect of these modifications in the binding and activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma was first evaluated in vitro. Compounds possessing suitable profiles were then evaluated in the ob/ob mouse model of type 2 diabetes. The propylene derivative 40 and the propyl derivative 53 demonstrated robust plasma glucose lowering activity in this model. Compound 53 was also evaluated in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats and was found to achieve normalization of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin levels. An X-ray crystal structure of the complex of 53 with the PPARgamma-ligand-binding domain was obtained and discussed in this report.
Assuntos
PPAR alfa/agonistas , PPAR gama/agonistas , Fenilpropionatos , Administração Oral , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Obesos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Fenilpropionatos/síntese química , Fenilpropionatos/química , Fenilpropionatos/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos Zucker , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The regioselective inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 6-[(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (2), 6-(acetylamino)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (3), and 6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4) are disclosed. All three underwent regioselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition with electron-rich dienophiles to form the corresponding functionalized 1,2-diazines in excellent yields. An order of reactivity with electron-rich dienophiles was observed with both 2 and 3 being more reactive than 3,6-bis(methylthio)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (1, i.e. 3 > 2 > 1), and both 3 and 4 were shown to be more robust than 2 at the higher temperatures necessary for [4 + 2] cycloaddition with less reactive dienophiles. The cycloaddition regioselectivity is consistent with the polarization of the diene and the ability of the methylthio group to stabilize a partial negative charge at C-3, and the N-acylamino group to stabilize a partial positive charge at C-6. While intermolecular reactions of unactivated alkynes either did not proceed or required high temperatures and long reaction times, intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions utilizing tethered unactivated acetylenes led to five- and six-membered bicyclic 1,2-diazines under mild conditions.
RESUMO
Mining of an in-house collection of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists to identify compounds with activity at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) revealed a new series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines 2 possessing activity at these two receptors. Early availability of the crystal structure of the lead compound 2a bound to the ligand binding domain of human PPARγ confirmed the mode of interaction of this scaffold to the nuclear receptor and assisted in the optimization of PPARγ activity. Among the new compounds, (S)-3-(5-(2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-ethyl-5-isobutyl-7-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (2l) was identified as a potent angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (IC(50) = 1.6 nM) with partial PPARγ agonism (EC(50) = 212 nM, 31% max) and oral bioavailability in rat. The dual pharmacology of 2l was demonstrated in animal models of hypertension (SHR) and insulin resistance (ZDF rat). In the SHR, 2l was highly efficacious in lowering blood pressure, while robust lowering of glucose and triglycerides was observed in the male ZDF rat.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/síntese química , Anti-Hipertensivos/síntese química , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , Imidazóis/síntese química , PPAR gama/agonistas , Piridinas/síntese química , Administração Oral , Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/química , Bloqueadores do Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/química , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Glicemia/análise , Cristalografia por Raios X , Agonismo Parcial de Drogas , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Imidazóis/química , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ativação Transcricional , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
A novel series of pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamides was discovered as factor Xa inhibitors using structure-based drug design. This series consisted of a neutral 4-chlorophenylurea P1, a biphenylsulfonamide P4 and a D-proline scaffold (1, IC(50) = 18 nM). Optimization of the initial hit resulted in an orally bioavailable, subnanomolar inhibitor of factor Xa (13, IC(50) = 0.38 nM), which was shown to be efficacious in a canine electrolytic model of thrombosis with minimal bleeding.