[The wet weight and the content of DNA, RNA and protein of different tissues of 92 and 120 day old sheep fetuses and newborn lambs]. / Die Frischmasse sowie der Gehalt an DNA, RNA und Protein verschiedener Gewebe von 92 und 120 Tage alten Schaffeten sowie von neugeborenen Lämmern.

In sheep-fetuses of the age of 92 (615 +/- 49 g body weight) and of 120 days (1843 +/- 406 g body weight) as well as in newborn lambs (2815 +/- 648 g body weight) the content of DNA, RNA and protein per g wet weight in 14 tissues and in the fetal and the maternal portion of the placenta was analysed. A calculation of the development of the total content of DNA, RNA and protein in the different organs is given. The changes of the wet-weight:DNA-, the protein:DNA- and the RNA:DNA-ratio in the tissues during growth are described. The significance of these changes is discussed.

[Activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatase in erythrocytes and various tissues (brain, liver, kidney, small intestine mucosa) of cattle]. / Untersuchungen über die Aktivität und die Eigenschaften der Adenosintriphosphatase in den Erythrozyten und in verschiedenen Geweben (Gehirn, Leber, Niere, Dünndarmschleimhaut) des Rindes

In 15 samples of haemolysate of bovine erythrocytes, the splitting of phosphate from adenosine triphosphate average 158 +/- 63 X 10(-3) muMol/min/g haemolysate haemoglobin. Estimation of total adenosine triphosphatase in homogenates of various organs from cattle showed that spleen, liver, kidney and brain possessed high activity, while the activity was moderate in lung, myocardium and skeletal muscle, and low in endometrial mucosa and spinal cord. There was a relatively large proportion of Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in brain and kidney. In various organs the activity of the enzyme was dependent upon the concentrations of Mg, Na, K and Ca. The inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase in various tissues by ouabain was studied. The optimum pH for the enzyme lay in the weakly alkaline region.

[Studies of the presence of enzymes in various tissues of swine. 5. Studies of the activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatases in the pancreas]. / Untersuchungen über die Enzymausrüstung verschiedener Gewebe beim Schwein. 5. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen über die Aktivität und einige Eigenschaften der Adenosintriphosphatasen im Pankreas.

Studies were conducted into the activities of magnesium-ATPase, sodium-potassium-ATPase, and HCO3-ATPase in homogenates of pancreas of 19 foetuses, with body weights between 340 g and 1,642 g, two piglets, with body weights of 9 kg and 10 kg, and four adult pigs. While general enzyme activity was low during foetal development, highest activies usually were recordable from HCO3-ATPase. High activities were recorded from both the piglets and adult pigs. The highest data, again, were recordable from HCO3-ATPase which is essential to the secretion of HCO3 ions. Maximum activity of magnesium-ATPase was based on an ATP-magnesium ratio of 1:1. HCO3-ATPase was best activated by 25 mM NaHCO3 and exhibited high stability to temperature. The activities of magnesium-ATPase and of HCO3-ATPase were inhibited by 10 mM of Rhodanid. Calcium-ATPase reached its maximum activity in response to 5 mM calcium concentration.

[Enzyme arrangement of various tissues in swine. 1. Studies of the effect of 32 hours of fasting, administration of actinomycin D, and fasting in combination with administration of actinomycin D on crude protein level, activities of GOT, GTP, fructose-1,6-diphoaphatase as well as ATPase of liver, kidneys and semitendinous muscle in newborn piglets]. / Untersuchungen über die Enzymausrüstung verschiedener Gewebe beim Schwein. 1. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen über den Einfluss eines 32stündigen Hungerns, der Verabreichung von Aktinomyzin D bzw. über den Einfluss von Hungern und Verabreichung von Aktinomyzin D auf den Rohproteingehalt und auf die Aktivität der GOT, der GPT, der Fruktose-1,6-diphosphatase sowie der ATPase der Leber, der Niere und des M. semitendinosus bei neugeborenen Ferkeln.

The effects of sufficient milk intake as well as of 32 hours of fasting after birth, administration of actinomycin D (intraperitoneal application of 1 mg/kg five weight), and fasting in combination with actinomycin D on the development of body and liver weights, crude protein levels in homogenate and supernatant of liver, kidneys, and M. semitendinosus as well as on the activities of certain tissue enzymes were analysed with four groups of piglets (n = 4). Fasting, administration of actinomycin, and fasting in combination with actinomycin D resulted in rapid reduction in body and liver weights, while the crude protein levels in those tissues were not affected with significance. GOT and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities in supernatant from liver tended to decline under fasting conditions. The ATPase activity in the homogenate of the above tissues did not change in response to differentiated treatment.

[Activities and properties of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenates of renal cortex, liver, myocardium and small-intestine mucosa in sheep]. / Untersuchungen über die Aktivität und die Eigenschaften der Adenosintriphosphatase (ATPase) in Homogenaten der Nierenrinde, des Gehirns, der Leber, des Herzmuskels und der Dünndarmschleimhaut von Schafen

Studies conducted into the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenate of several tissues of sheep and against the background of pH 7.5 (tris-HCl buffer) have shown highest enzyme activity to develop in renal cortex and cerebral cortex followed, in declining order of quotation, by liver, myocardium, and mucous membrane of small intestine. ATPase activities were studied also in the presence of pH-values between 7.2 and 8.95 (tris-HCl buffer) and between 8.6 and 11 (piperazine buffer), with the pH optimum of ATPase in the above tissues having been found to lie at approximately 9.0. Different concentrations of Mg ions were added, and maximum ATPase activity of 2 mMol ATP was obtained by adding 2 mMol Mg. Decline in ATPase activity should be expected in the case of hypomagnesaemia. Addition of different concentrations of sodium and potassium ions gave in most of the tissues tested maximum activity in response to 10 mMol potassium and 68 mMol sodium. Na-K ATPase could be inhibited by oubain particularly in cerebral and renal cortex.

[Studies of the regulation potential of glucose metabolism in the calf following infusion of fructose solution and using various hormones (ACTH, prednisolone, adrenaline and noradrenaline)]. / Untersuchungen zur Regulationsfähigkeit des Glukosestoffwechsels beim Kalb nach Infusion von Fruktoselösung und unter Anwendung verschiedener Hormone (Adrenokortikotropes Hormon, Prednisolon, Adrenalin und Noradrenalin).

Infusion of fructose solution (25 g in 100 ml) in sugar rations of 0.5 g or 1.0 g per kilogram of body weight usually induced in calf temporary drop of glucose in the blood plasma. This was attributable to rise in insulin secretion and glucose conversion or insufficiently fast effectiveness of insulin antagonists (adrenaline, glucagon, glucocorticosteroids). Such glucose drop could not be prevented by administration of 50 mg of prednisolone four hours before fructose infusion and 25 IU of ACTH five hours before infusion. Glucose as well as free fatty acids in the blood plasma went up in response to injection of 2.5 microgram/kg body weight during hypoglycaemia. The action of adrenaline was found to depend on the insulin dose given before in cases of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Doses of 0.5 g fructose per kilogram of body weight were administered in nine experimental infusions. Average half-life recorded from the blood plasma was 21.3 +/- 3.4 minutes.

[Iron, iron-binding capacity, copper and protein in blood plasma and hemoglobin in the blood of sows before and during pregnancy]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an Eisen, an Fe-Bindungskapazität, an Kupfer und an Protein im Blutplasma sowie an Hämoglobin im Blut bei Sauen vor und während der Trächtigkeit.

Blood tests were applied to five gilts and twelve adult sows, prior to insemination as well as in the sixth, ninth, twelfth, and 15th weeks of pregnancy. Average haemoglobin values in both groups dropped from 14.0 g/100 ml or 11.3 g/100 ml, at first measurement, to 9.5 g/100 ml in the ninth week of pregnancy. Then regrowth occurred to 12.6 g/100 ml or 12.2 g/100 ml up to the 15th week. The average blood plasma iron levels were 142 micrograms/100 ml or 117 micrograms/100 ml, at first measurement and went up in both groups, between the twelfth and 15th weeks, from 110 micrograms/100 ml to 161 micrograms/100 ml or from 105 micrograms/100 ml to 149 micrograms/100 ml. The original iron fixation capacity values for both groups were 673 micrograms/100 ml or 645 micrograms/100 ml and dropped to 524 micrograms/100 ml or 492 micrograms/100 ml by the 15th week of pregnancy. The copper levels grew from 221 micrograms/100 ml to 305 microgram/100 ml for gilts and from 200 micrograms/100 ml to 236 micrograms/100 ml for adult sows, from the twelfth to 15th weeks. The average blood plasma protein levels had been 7.7 g/100 ml or 8.1 g/100 ml, at the beginning, and went up to 8.5 g/100 ml in either group by the 15th week.

[Studies of iron level, Fe binding capacity, copper and protein in the blood plasma as well as hemoglobin in the blood of sows during the day]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an Eisen, an Fe-Bindungskapazit ät an Kupfer und an Protein im Blutplasma sowie an Hämoglobin im Blut bei Sauen im Tagesverlauf.

The average iron level in the blood plasma of six gilts, weighting between 120 kg and 130 kg, was 103. 3 micrograms/100 ml, prior to early-morning feeding. The iron fixation capacity, measured at the time, was 673 micrograms/100 ml. Average iron levels went up to 121.3 micrograms/100 ml after 1.5 to two hours and to 130.3 micrograms/100 ml in the course of 3.5 to four hours. An average level of 124.3 micrograms/100 ml had been reached after another 1.5 to two hours. The iron fixation capacities first declined and then went up again. The average iron level recorded from eight adult sows, weighing between 180 kg and 210 kg, was 75 micrograms/100 ml, when measured seven weeks from piglet weaning. The average iron fixation capacity was 488.3 micrograms/100 ml at the same time and for the same animals. The iron level did not change throughout testing. The average copper level was 230.9 micrograms/100 ml, at the beginning, but individual differences in behaviour occurred during the day. No difference was recorded, at the beginning, between gilts and adult sows for blood plasma protein, levels being 7.73 or 7.81 g/100 ml, and for haemoglobin in the blood, levels being 12.8 or 12.5 g/100 ml. Individual variations, however, with no clear-cut direction, occurred over the testing period.

[Enzyme arrangement of various tissues in swine. 2. Studies of postpartum development of crude protein levels as well as activities of various enzymes (GOT, GPT, serine dehydratase, xanthine oxidase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) in liver, kidneys and muscle of piglets]. / Untersuchungen über die Enzymausrüstung verschiedener Gewebe beim Schwein. 2. Mittleilung: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung des Gehalts an Rohprotein sowie der Aktivität verschiedener Enzyme (GOT, GPT, Serin-Dehydratase, Zanthinoxidase, Fruktose-1,6-diphosphatase) in Leber, Niere und Muskel von Ferkeln nach der Geburt.

Twenty-eight piglets from three litters were analysed for postnatal development (0 to 6 days of age) of the crude protein levels and activities of various enzymes (GOT, GPT, serine dehydratase, xanthinoxidase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) in the supernatant of liver, kidneys, and muscles. Both the weight and crude protein levels of the liver increased after birth, which improved the capability of metabolic regulation. GOT and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activities in the liver tissue increased over the first days after birth. Serine dehydratase activity was not detectable with regularity. GPT activity in the tissues concerned was low by comparison to GOT and underwent little postnatal change. The activity of xanthinoxidase in the liver tissue tended to go up after birth. ACTH (3 IU/kg live weight) was administered to piglets aged five days and did not increase the activity of GOT and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in the liver after five hours.

[The content of Hb in blood and proteins, Fe, Fe-binding capacity, Cu and Zn in the blood plasma of sows and their piglets at the time of birth, after the uptake of colostrum and with different Fe supply]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an Hb im Blut sowie an Protein, Fe, FeBK, Cu und Zn im Blutplasma von Sauen bzw. von deren Ferkeln zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt, nach Aufnahme von Kolostrum und bei unterschiedlicher Fe-Versorgung.

Keeping of piglets on slatted metal floor, without complementary iron supply, caused anaemia within seven days from parturition. Hb levels in the blood dropped from 7.00 +/- 1.16 to 3.47 +/- 0.74 mmol/l. Iron deficit reduced growth and vitality. The iron levels in blood plasma of the piglets tested varied between 5 and 35 mumol/l, immediately after parturition. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of Fe-dextran (150 mg Fe) on the first day after parturition resulted in physiological iron levels in blood plasma, after seven days. Yet, when 14 days had passed, the levels were similar to those recorded from piglets without additional iron supply. Iron bonding capacity of blood plasma increased in piglets of all groups up to the seventh day from birth. Death occurred, on the second day of age, to many piglets with protein levels below 50 g/l plasma. Copper levels in blood plasma of newborn piglets were below those recordable from sows, but they went up by more than three times of their original values up to the seventh day from birth. In piglets, zinc, levels of blood plasma after parturition were higher than those of sows and went up by some 50 percent, within seven days from birth.

[The content of Hb and the hematocrit value in blood and the total proteins, urea, glucose, free fatty acids, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pa, Fe, Fe-binding capacity, Cu and Zn in the blood plasma of Warmblood horses during feeding with oat-hay or barley-hay rations over a period of 9 months]. / Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an Hb und über den Hämatokritwert im Blut sowie über den an Gesamtprotein, Harnstoff, Glucose, freien Fettsäuren, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pa, Fe, Fe-Bindungskapazität, Cu und Zn im Blutplasma von Warmblutpferden bei Fütterung einer Hafer-Heu- bzw. Gerste-Heu-Ration über einen Zeitraum von 9 Monaten.

4 horses (Group A) received an oat-hay ration, through 9 months running, while 3 horses (Group B) were fed a barley-hay ration over the same period of time. Blood samples were collected and examined in 4-week intervals. All values considered, no differences were found to exist between the 2 groups with regard to Hb and haematocrit in blood as well as to protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron fixation capacity, copper, and zinc in blood plasma. The urea level in plasma of Group A was higher than that in Group B, values being 5.76 +/- 0.64 mmol/l and 5.14 +/- 0.72 mmol/l. The same applied to free fatty acids, values being 150 +/- 83 mumols/l in Group A and 95 +/- 42 mumols/l in Group B. Calcium was 3.10 +/- 0.27 mmol/l in Group A and 2.92 +/- 0.26 mmol/l in Group B, while the A-B difference in inorganic phosphorus amounted to 1.62 +/- 0.65 against 1.99 +/- 0.77 mmol/l. Group A was inferior to Group B also with regard to iron in plasma, values being 28.6 +/- 2.42 mumols/l against 32.8 +/- 4.62 mumol/l. Causes underlying these differences are discussed in some detail.

[The hematocrit values and hemoglobin content of blood and the level of total protein, free fatty acids, glucose, lactate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Pa, Fe, Fe-binding capacity, Cu and Zn in the blood plasma of newborn calves and their mothers immediately after birth]. / Untersuchungen über den Hämatokritwert und den Hämoglobingehalt des Blutes sowie den Gehalt an Gesamtprotein, freien Fettsäuren, Glucose, Lactat, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Pa, Fe, Fe-Bindungskapazität, Cu und Zn im Blutplasma von neugeborenen Kälbern sowei bei den Muttertieren unmittelbar nach der Geburt.

Blood samples were collected from 22 calves in three weight classes (A: 29.3 +/- 0.5 kg, B: 36.0 +/- 1.3 kg, C: 42.7 +/- 3.7 kg), 1-3 minutes after parturition and prior to uptake of foremilk as well as 24-26 hours after parturition. Other blood samples were collected from 45 calves, 5-60 minutes after parturition, and from their mothers, 3-5 or 5-60 minutes from calving. Haematocrit and haemoglobin in the blood of the calves, immediately after parturition, were higher the values recorded from adult cattle. Major differences were found to exist between individual calves regarding total protein of blood plasma. Protein levels in 14 calves were below 50 g/l, within 24-26 hours from parturition. Free fatty acids in blood plasma of calves were lower than those in cattle, 1-3 minutes from parturition, and were higher, 5-60 minutes from parturition. Glucose levels in Group C were higher than those in A and B, 1-3 minutes postpartum. Lactate in Group C was higher than that in B. An account is also given of blood plasma levels of Ca, Pa, Mg, Na, K, Cu, and Zn.

[Enzyme arrangement of various tissues in swine. 3. Studies of pre- and postnatal activities of various enzymes (ATPase, GOT, GPT, leucine aminopeptidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, aldose reductase, glucuronate reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase) in various tissues]. / Untersuchungen über die Enzymausrüstung verschiedener Gewebe beim Schwein. 3. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen über die prä- und postnatale Aktivität verschiedener Enzyme (ATPase, GOT, GPT, Leuzinaminopeptidase, saure und alkalische Phosphatase, Aldolreduktase, Glukuronatreduktase, Sorbitdehydrogenase) in einigen Geweben.

The crude protein levels as well as the activities of various enzymes were studied in certain tissues of fetuses (80th through 114th days of development), piglets of different age groups, and pigs for slaughter. In most of the tissues tested the postnatal activities of Na-K-ATPase were beyond those recorded from fetuses. The highest GOT activities were recorded from the liver, myocardium, and kidneys. Activities were found to rise sizeably in some tissues after birth. The activity of GPT, too, exhibited age-dependent variations. The activity of leucine-aminopeptidase increased strongly after birth in liver and kidneys. Acid phosphatase activity was less markedly influenced by development phases. Those enzymes which are involved in the formation of fructose and glucose (aldolreductase, glucuronate-reductase, and sorbite-dehydrogenase) had their highest activities, all age-dependent, in liver and kidneys.