Strabismus Measurements with Novel Video Goggles.

PURPOSE: To assess the validity of a novel, simplified, noninvasive test for strabismus using video goggles. DESIGN: Cross-sectional method comparison study in which the new test, the strabismus video goggles, is compared with the existing reference standard, the Hess screen test. PARTICIPANTS: We studied 41 adult and child patients aged ≥6 years with ocular misalignment owing to congenital or acquired paralytic or comitant strabismus and 17 healthy volunteers. METHODS: All participants were tested with binocular infrared video goggles with built-in laser target projection and liquid crystal display shutters for alternate occlusion of the eyes and the conventional Hess screen test. In both tests, ocular deviations were measured on a 9-point target grid located at 0±15° horizontal and vertical eccentricity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Horizontal and vertical ocular deviations at 9 different gaze positions of each eye were measured by the strabismus video goggles and the Hess screen test. Agreement was quantified as the intraclass correlation coefficient. Secondary outcomes were the utility of the goggles in patients with visual suppression and in children. RESULTS: There was good agreement between the strabismus video goggles and the Hess screen test in the measurements of horizontal and vertical deviation (intraclass correlation coefficient horizontal 0.83, 95% confidence interval [0.77, 0.88], vertical 0.76, 95% confidence interval [0.68, 0.82]). Both methods reproduced the characteristic strabismus patterns in the 9-point grid. In contrast to Hess screen testing, strabismus video goggle measurements were even possible in patients with comitant strabismus and visual suppression. CONCLUSIONS: The new device is simple and is fast and accurate in measuring ocular deviations, and the results are closely correlated with those obtained using the conventional Hess screen test. It can even be used in patients with visual suppression who are not suitable for the Hess screen test. The device can be applied in children as young as 6 years of age.

Accuracy of Repetitive Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials to Diagnose Myasthenia Gravis in Patients With Ptosis or Diplopia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We developed repetitive ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (roVEMP) as an electrophysiologic test that allows us to elicit the characteristic decrement of extraocular muscles in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG). Case-control studies demonstrated that roVEMP reliably differentiates patients with OMG from healthy controls. We now aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of roVEMP for OMG diagnosis in patients with ptosis and/or diplopia. METHODS: In this blinded prospective diagnostic accuracy trial, we compared roVEMP in 89 consecutive patients presenting with ptosis and/or diplopia suspicious of OMG with a multimodal diagnostic approach, including clinical examination, antibodies, edrophonium testing, repetitive nerve stimulation of accessory and facial nerves, and single-fiber EMG (SFEMG). We calculated the roVEMP decrement as the ratio between the mean of the first 2 responses compared with the mean of the sixth-ninth responses in the train and used cutoff of >9% (unilateral decrement) in a 30 Hz stimulation paradigm. RESULTS: Following a complete diagnostic work-up, 39 patients (44%) were diagnosed with ocular MG, while 50 patients (56%) had various other neuro-ophthalmologic conditions, but not MG (non-MG). roVEMP yielded 88.2% sensitivity, 30.2% specificity, 50% positive predictive value (PPV), and 76.5% negative predictive value (NPV). For comparison, SFEMG resulted in 75% sensitivity, 56% specificity, 55.1% PPV, and 75.7% NPV. All other diagnostic tests (except for the ice pack test) also yielded significantly higher positive results in patients with MG compared with non-MG. DISCUSSION: The study revealed a high sensitivity of 88.2% for roVEMP in OMG, but specificity and PPV were too low to allow for the OMG diagnosis as a single test. Thus, differentiating ocular MG from other neuro-ophthalmologic conditions remains challenging, and the highest diagnostic accuracy is still obtained by a multimodal approach. In this study, roVEMP can complement the diagnostic armamentarium for the diagnosis of MG. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class I evidence that in patients with diplopia and ptosis, roVEMP alone does not accurately distinguish MG from non-MG disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03049956.

Repetitive ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential stimulation for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis: Optimization of stimulation parameters.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective stimulation parameters for the diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) using repetitive ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMP) for quantification of the extraocular muscle response decrement. METHODS: Repetitive bone-conducted oVEMPs were elicited in 18 MG patients and 20 healthy subjects. We compared four different stimulus repetition rates (20 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz) and 100 Hz continuous stimulation, as well as recordings from the inferior oblique muscles and the lateral rectus muscles to determine the most sensitive and specific oVEMP parameters for decrement detection. RESULTS: Repetitive stimulation at all tested repetition rates with recordings from inferior oblique muscles allowed for effective differentiation between MG patients and healthy subjects. Among all repetition rates, 30 Hz showed a trend towards superiority, with a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 94% (area under the curve (AUC) 0.88) when using the smaller decrement of the two eyes and -10% as cutoff. Considering the larger decrement for analysis (-9% as cutoff), sensitivity increased to 82%, but specificity decreased to 78% (AUC 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates, that repetitive oVEMP stimulation elicits a robust decrement in the inferior oblique muscles of MG patients at repetition rates between 20 Hz and 50 Hz, with a probable optimum at 30 Hz. SIGNIFICANCE: Repetitive inferior oblique oVEMP stimulation with optimal stimulus parameters facilitates early and accurate diagnosis of ocular MG.