[Surgical treatment of a symptomatic intra-articular osteoid osteoma (IAOO)]. / Operative Therapie eines symptomatischen intraartikulären Osteoidosteoms (IAOO) in der Trochlea femoris.

The intra-articular osteoid osteoma (10% of cases) is a rare clinical finding. Based on atypical clinical signs and various radiological results the period to obtain a diagnosis and initiate the appropriate treatment is often very long. This case reports on a 32-year old female patient with knee pain on flexion and stress, which rarely occurred at night. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was contraindicated for IAOO in the trochlea femoris due to the direct subchondral location. Therefore, surgical rehabilitation by means of a cartilage-bone transplantation was carried out.

Intravascular Application of Labelled Cell Spheroids: An Approach for Ischemic Peripheral Artery Disease.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known for their vascular regeneration capacity by neoangiogenesis. Even though, several delivery approaches exist, particularly in the case of intravascular delivery, only limited number of cells reach the targeted tissue and are not able to remain on site. Applicated cells exhibit poor survival accompanied with a loss of functionality. Moreover, cell application techniques lead to cell death and impede the overall MSC function and survival. 3D cell spheroids mimic the physiological microenvironment, thus, overcoming these limitations. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate and assess the feasibility of 3D MSCs spheroids for endovascular application, for treatment of ischemic peripheral vascular pathologies. Multicellular 3D MSC spheroids were generated at different cell seeding densities, labelled with ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO) and investigated in vitro in terms of morphology, size distribution, mechanical stability as well as ex vivo with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess their trackability and distribution. Generated 3D spheroids were stable, viable, maintained stem cell phenotype and were easily trackable and visualized via MRI. MSC 3D spheroids are suitable candidates for endovascular delivery approaches in the context of ischemic peripheral vascular pathologies.

[Rare case of palmar disc dislocation after wrist distorsion]. / Seltener Fall einer palmaren Diskusluxation nach Handgelenkdistorsion.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was the elaboration of clinical symptoms and image findings in injuries of the wrist and ulnar-sided pain with accompanying damage to the articular disc and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article reports about a 26-year-old male patient who presented to the department of surgery of this hospital after repeated falls onto the right wrist. Following the latest fall there was persistent wrist pain and limited movement, especially in supination. The physical examination showed pressure pain above the ulnocarpal complex; however, under forced pronation and supination no pain in the ulnocarpal complex could be triggered. RESULTS: Due to the symptoms damage to the TFCC was suspected and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the wrist was carried out. A TFCC damage reaching as far as the dorsal radioulnar ligament involving the dorsal suspension was demarcated with dislocation and displacement of the disc. For further differentiation of the damaged structures arthrography was performed and contrast medium containing gadolinium was injected into the joint gap. The imaging showed avulsion of the dorsal triangular disc from the dorsal suspension with volar dislocation. Treatment was continued with an arthrotomy by the formation of an ulnar pedicled capsular flap, the luxated TFCC was repositioned, central frayed and torn parts were resected and smoothed. Finally, the TFCC was refixed with two 3/0 PDS U­sutures. CONCLUSION: Ulnar-sided wrist pain can be caused by a variety of clinical pathologies, so that often no diagnosis can be made based on clinical symptoms alone and an imaging method is required; however, for a clear assessment of the ligament or joint injuries an MRI is necessary. Particularly for the evaluation of the TFCC injuries MRI is a sensitive diagnostic method. In the decision making, especially when atypical injury patterns are present, an arthrography should be performed in addition to MRI to obtain the best possible information on the anatomical circumstances. KEY POINTS: In cases of injuries of the wrist and ulnar-sided pain collateral damage to the articular disc and the TFCC should always be considered and excluded when appropriate. A dislocation of the disc at the wrist is a rare consequence of trauma but should be considered in the differential diagnosis. In cases of unclear MRI results and complex injuries of the wrist or unclear symptoms, MR arthrography can be helpful.

Viability and MR detectability of iron labeled mesenchymal stem cells used for endoscopic injection into the porcine urethral sphincter.

Direct stem cell therapies for functionally impaired tissue require a sufficient number of cells in the target region and a method for verifying the fate of the cells in the subsequent time course. In vivo MRI of iron labeled mesenchymal stem cells has been suggested to comply with these requirements. The study was conducted to evaluate proliferation, migration, differentiation and adhesion effects as well as the obtained iron load of an iron labeling strategy for mesenchymal stem cells. After injection into the porcine urethral sphincter, the labeled cells were monitored for up to six months using MRI. Mesenchymal stem cells were labeled with ferucarbotran (60/100/200 µg/mL) and ferumoxide (200 µg/mL) for the analysis of migration and viability. Phantom MR measurements were made to evaluate effects of iron labeling. For short and long term studies, the iron labeled cells were injected into the porcine urethral sphincter and monitored by MRI. High resolution anatomical images of the porcine urethral sphincter were applied for detection of the iron particles with a turbo-spin-echo sequence and a gradient-echo sequence with multiple TE values. The MR images were then compared with histological staining. The analysis of cell function after iron labeling showed no effects on proliferation or differentiation of the cells. Although the adherence increases with higher iron dose, the ability to migrate decreases as a presumed effect of iron labeling. The iron labeled mesenchymal stem cells were detectable in vivo in MRI and histological staining even six months after injection. Labeling with iron particles and subsequent evaluation with highly resolved three dimensional data acquisition allows sensitive tracking of cells injected into the porcine urethral sphincter for several months without substantial biological effects on mesenchymal stem cells.

Cell Cycle Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cells--Searching for Inhibitors of Neointima Formation: Is Combretastatin A4 an Alternative to Sirolimus and Paclitaxel?

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of sirolimus, paclitaxel, and combretastatin A4 (CA4) on regulatory proteins of the cell cycle in proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human aortic SMCs were treated with sirolimus, paclitaxel, and CA4 at 5 × 10(-9) mol/L. After 1 day, half of the cells were harvested (DAY1 group). The treatment medium of the other half was replaced with culture medium on day 4, and those cells were harvested on day 5 (DAY5 group). Cyclins D1, D2, E, and A and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16, p21, and p27 were detected by Western blot technique. Quantification was performed by scanning densitometry of the specific bands. RESULTS: In the DAY1 group, treatment with sirolimus resulted in decreased intracellular levels of cyclins D2 and A (P < .05). Increased D cyclins and reduced levels of cyclins E and A (P < .05) in the DAY5 group indicated a permanent G1/S block by sirolimus. Paclitaxel led to only slight alterations of cyclin and CDK inhibitor expression (P > .05). In the DAY1 group, CA4 decreased intracellular levels of cyclins D2, E, and A (P < .05). Despite recovery effects in the DAY5 group (increase of cyclins D1, D2, and A compared with DAY1 group; P < .05), the upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p21, increased D cyclins, and decreased cyclins E and A (P < .05) are compatible with a G1 arrest. CONCLUSIONS: CA4 is a stronger inhibitor of the SMC cycle than sirolimus or paclitaxel and may represent an alternative for drug-eluting stents in atherosclerotic luminal stenosis. The effect of CA4 on neointima formation should be evaluated further.

Quantitative Assessment of Iron-Labeled Stem-Cell Adhesion at the Vessel Wall in a Vascular Flow Model: Correlation of T2*-Weighted Imaging at 3 T and Histology.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled cells in a perfused segment of a porcine artery and to estimate the number of adherent cells by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six vessel specimens (diameters between 0.8 and 1.2 cm) were placed in a bioreactor system, and 2 × 10(4) to 1 × 10(6) SPIO-labeled endothelial colony-forming cells were injected into the artery within the perfused reactor. The area of resulting signal extinctions at the inner wall of the vessels was quantified on MR images by using a high-resolution T2*-weighted sequence with a slice-by-slice approach. After imaging, the labeled cells were quantified histologically. RESULTS: The total iron load of each cell was 56.5 pg ± 14.4. In the applied range of 2 × 10(4) to 1 × 10(6) cells per vessel, the area of iron-induced signal extinction at the vessel wall on T2*-weighted imaging corresponded to the histologically detected cell number (r = 0.98, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: A correlation between the area of signal extinction and the number of labeled cells at the vessel wall was found. This might help to evaluate dose rates in further clinical applications of intravascular cell-based therapies.

Viabahn stent graft for arterial injury management: safety, technical success, and long-term outcome.

BACKGROUND: The Viabahn stent graft has emerged as an integral tool for managing vascular diseases, but there is limited long-term data on its performance in emergency endovascular treatment. This study aimed to assess safety, technical success, and long-term efficacy of the Viabahn stent graft in emergency treatment of arterial injury. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single tertiary centre analysis of patients who underwent Viabahn emergency arterial injury treatment between 2015 and 2020. Indication, intraoperative complications, technical and clinical success, and major adverse events at 30 days were evaluated. Secondary efficacy endpoints were the primary and secondary patency rates assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Forty patients (71 ± 13 years, 19 women) were analyzed. Indications for Viabahn emergency treatment were extravasation (65.0%), arterio-venous fistula (22.5%), pseudoaneurysm (10.0%), and arterio-ureteral fistula (2.5%). No intraoperative adverse events occurred, technical and clinical success rates were 100%. One acute stent graft occlusion occurred in the popliteal artery on day 9, resulting in a 30-day device-related major-adverse-event rate of 2.5%. Median follow-up was 402 days [IQR, 43-1093]. Primary patency rate was 97% (95% CI: 94-100) in year 1, and 92% (95% CI: 86-98) from years 2 to 6. One stent graft occlusion occurred in the external iliac artery at 18 months; successful revascularization resulted in secondary patency rates of 97% (95% CI: 94-100) from years 1 to 6. CONCLUSION: Using Viabahn stent graft in emergency arterial injury treatment had 100% technical and clinical success rates, a low 30-day major-adverse-event rate of 2.5%, and excellent long-term patency rates.

Dynamic Radial MR Imaging for Endoleak Surveillance after Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Inconclusive CT Angiography: A Prospective Study.

Background/Objectives: To assess free-breathing, dynamic radial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for detecting endoleaks post-endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) in cases with inconclusive computed tomography angiography (CTA). Methods: This prospective single-center study included 17 participants (mean age, 70 ± 9 years; 13 males) who underwent dynamic radial MRI (Golden-angle RAdial Sparse Parallel-Volumetric Interpolated BrEath-hold, GRASP-VIBE) after inconclusive multiphasic CT for the presence of endoleaks during the follow-up of EVAR-treated abdominal aortic aneurysms. CT and MRI datasets were independently assessed by two radiologists for image quality, diagnostic confidence, and the presence/type of endoleak. Statistical analyses included interrater and intermethod agreement, and diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC)). Results: Subjective image analysis demonstrated good image quality and interrater agreement (k ≥ 0.6) for both modalities, while diagnostic confidence was significantly higher in MRA (p = 0.03). There was significantly improved accuracy for detecting type II endoleaks on MRA (AUC 0.97 [95% CI: 0.87, 1.0]) compared to CTA (AUC 0.66 [95% CI: 0.41, 0.91]; p = 0.03). Although MRA demonstrated higher values for sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and interrater agreement, none of the other types nor the overall detection rate for endoleaks showed differences in the diagnostic performance over CT (p ≥ 0.12). CTA and MRA revealed slight to moderate intermethod concordance in endoleak detection (k = 0.3-0.64). Conclusions: The GRASP-VIBE MRA characterized by high spatial and temporal resolution demonstrates clinical feasibility with good image quality and superior diagnostic confidence. It notably enhances diagnostic performance in detecting and classifying endoleaks, particularly type II, compared to traditional multiphase CTA with inconclusive findings.

Twelve-month results of a randomized trial comparing mono with dual antiplatelet therapy in endovascularly treated patients with peripheral artery disease.

PURPOSE: To present the 12-month results of a trial investigating the effects of dual antiplatelet therapy on target lesion revascularization (TLR) after balloon angioplasty ± stenting in the femoropopliteal segment. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, single-center, double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial randomly assigned 40 patients to receive pre- and postinterventional therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. Another 40 patients received the same doses of aspirin and placebo instead of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel and placebo were stopped after 6 months, and patients remained on aspirin only. At 12 months after the intervention, 36 clopidogrel patients and 37 placebo patients were reevaluated. RESULTS: At 6 months, clopidogrel patients had significantly lower rates of TLR compared to placebo patients [2 (5%) vs. 8 (20%), p=0.04]. After stopping clopidogrel/placebo after 6 months, there was no significant difference in TLR at 12 months after treatment [9 (25%) clopidogrel vs. 12 (32.4%) placebo, p=0.35]. Mortality was 0 vs. 1 in the placebo group at 6 months (p=0.32) and 0 vs. 3 at 12 months (p=0.08). CONCLUSION: In contrast to the first report of a reduction in the TLR at 6 months, this advantage of dual antiplatelet therapy does not persist after stopping clopidogrel. Prolonged dual therapy (>6 months) should be considered in patients who are at high risk for restenosis.

Management of peripheral arterial interventions with mono or dual antiplatelet therapy--the MIRROR study: a randomised and double-blinded clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of dual antiplatelet therapy vs. aspirin alone on local platelet activation and clinical endpoints in patients with PAD treated with endovascular therapy. METHODS: Patients received either 500 mg aspirin and 300 mg clopidogrel before intervention followed by a daily dose of 100 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel for 6 months, or the same doses of aspirin plus placebo instead of clopidogrel. Primary endpoints were local concentrations of platelet activation markers ß-thromboglobulin and CD40L, and the rate of patient's resistant to clopidogrel. Secondary endpoints included the clinical development 6 months after the intervention. RESULTS: Eighty patients, 40 in each group, were enrolled. The median peri-interventional concentration of ß-TG was 224.5 vs. 365.5 (P = 0.03) in the clopidogrel and placebo group. The concentration of CD40L was 127 and 206.5 (P = 0.05). Thirty per cent of patients who had received clopidogrel were resistant. Two clopidogrel and eight placebo patients required TLR (P = 0.04). The clopidogrel patients who needed revascularisation were both resistant to clopidogrel. Minor bleeding complications occurred in one clopidogrel and two placebo patients. CONCLUSION: Dual antiplatetet therapy reduces peri-interventional platelet activation and improves functional outcome without higher bleeding complications. An individual tailored dual antiplatelet therapy seems desirable for endovascularly treated patients with PAD.

Comparison of digital flat-panel detector and conventional angiography machines: evaluation of stent detection rates, visibility scores, and dose-area products.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the performance and radiation doses of a flat-panel detector (FPD) angiography machine with an image intensifier (II) angiography machine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images of four nitinol stents (Sinus-SuperFlex, SMART, Luminexx, and Zilver stents) in a phantom of a human pelvis were acquired on an FPD system (Axiom Artis) and an II system (Fluorospot TOP) using the following modes: spot-film, continuous fluoroscopy (4, 7.5, 15, and 30 pulses/s), and three amplification modes. Objective stent detection rates and subjective radiopacity scores (scale: 0 [not visible] to 4 [excellent visibility]) were calculated. The radiation doses evaluated by the respective machines were compared. RESULTS: Over all modes and stents, the mean objective correct stent detection rates and mean subjective radiopacity scores were 89.49% and 1.81, respectively, for the Axiom Artis and 91.00% and 2.26 for the Fluorospot TOP. The stent detection rates over all modes for the SMART and Luminexx stents were better using the Axiom Artis machine (97.61% vs 93.55% and 98.28% vs 90.41%, respectively) and those for the Sinus-SuperFlex and Zilver stents were better using the Fluorospot TOP machine (90.83% vs 83.56% and 89.29% vs 80.50%). The subjective radiopacity scores of stent visibility were worse for the Axiom Artis than the Fluorospot TOP for all stents except the Luminexx stent (mean score, 2.34 vs 2.21, respectively). The objective stent detection rates and subjective radiopacity scores improved using the spot-film mode and with raising amplification, whereas increases in the fluoroscopy pulsing frequency did not improve stent detection rates or radiopacity scores for either machine. The radiation doses at continuous fluoroscopy were approximately 90% higher for the Axiom Artis than for the Fluorospot TOP (2.60 vs 1.41 µGy/m(2) at 30 pulses/s, respectively). CONCLUSION: The objective correct stent detection rates were similar for both machines with differences in detection for the respective stents. The subjective radiopacity scores were almost always better for the Fluorospot TOP machine. Also, the Axiom Artis machine generated approximately 90% higher radiation doses in fluoroscopy. For both machines, using a higher fluoroscopy pulsing frequency had no positive effect on objective correct stent detection rates or subjective radiopacity scores.

Comparison of visibility for four self-expanding nitinol bare stents in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Sufficient radiopacity of stents is a prerequisite for safe interventions and minimization of the radiation dose for the patient and the interventionist. Modern nitinol stents are considered less radiopaque compared to formerly used stents. PURPOSE: To evaluate the objective detection rate (ODR) and the subjective radiopacity score (SRS) of four self-expanding nitinol stents with their markers on a phantom human pelvis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated the ODR (as a percentage of correctly identified stents) and the SRS (on a scale from 0 = not visible to 4 = excellent visibility) for four self-expanding nitinol stents (SinusSuperflex, SMART, Luminexx, Zilver) with 8 mm diameter and 40 mm length. Stents were placed on a phantom human pelvis and images of the stents were taken in four different positions (right and left lumbosacral joint and near the right and left limbus acetabuli) using the following modes: spotfilm, pulsed fluoroscopy (4, 7.5, 15, and 30 pulses/min) and at three different digital magnification modes. Dose area products (DAPs) were assessed. RESULTS: ODR and SRS, respectively, were significantly increased for the SMART stent compared to all other tested stents (P < 0.05): SMART 93.53% and 2.43, SinusSuperflex 90.81% and 2.21, Luminexx 90.39% and 2.20, and Zilver 89.28% and 2.21. ODR was significantly reduced in position 3 where the bone overlap was more pronounced for all stents (detection rates 77.14-79.56%). An increase in magnification significantly improved the ODR and SRS for all stents (70.33-99.25% and 1.07-3.28, respectively, P < 0.05). Increased pulsing frequency did not improve the ODR of the various stents but did increase the DAP. CONCLUSION: The SMART stent had the best overall performance. In the presence of bone overlap, all self-expanding nitinol stents had poor results. Increased pulsing frequency did not improve ODR or SRS but did increase the DAP. Use of digital magnification modes had no effect on DAP increasing ODR and SRS.

A dual-inhibition study on vascular smooth muscle cells with meclofenamic acid and ß-irradiation for the prevention of restenosis.

PURPOSE: Restenosis is still one of the major limitations after angioplasty. A therapeutic treatment combining ß-irradiation and pharmacologic cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition was employed to study the impact on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of meclofenamic acid in combination with yttrium-90 ((90)Y) on cell growth, clonogenic activity, cell migration, and cell cycle distribution of human aortic SMCs were investigated. Treatment was sustained over a period of 4 days and recovery of cells was determined until day 20 after initiation. The hypothesis was that there is no difference between control and treated groups. RESULTS: A dose-dependent growth inhibition was observed in single and combined treatment groups for meclofenamic acid and ß-irradiation. Cumulative radiation dosage of 8 Gy completely inhibited colony formation. This was also observed for 200 µM meclofenamic acid alone or in combination with minor ß-irradiation dosages. Results of the migration tests showed also a dose dependency with additive effects of combined therapy. Meclofenamic acid 200 µM alone and with cumulative ß-irradiation dosages resulted in an increased G2/M-phase share. CONCLUSIONS: Incubating human SMCs with meclofenamic acid and (90)Y for a period of 4 d (ie, 1.5 half-life times) resulted in an effective inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration.

Extensive Thromboembolism in a Young Male with Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection and Heterozygous Factor V Leiden Mutation.

In this case report we present a previously healthy 21-year-old male with extensive thromboembolism in the setting of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection and heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation with no additional thrombophilic risk factors.

Enhanced reading time efficiency by use of automatically unfolded CT rib reformations in acute trauma.

Rationale of this study was to evaluate whether unfolded rib images enhance time efficiency in detection of rib fractures and time efficiency in patients with acute thoracic trauma. 51 subsequent patients with thoracic trauma underwent 64-slice computed tomography. 1mm thick axial slices were reformatted using a commercially available post-processing software application generating rotatable unfolded rib images. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by 3 readers and compared to multiplanar reformations of the original CT images. Reformation and evaluation times were recorded. 116 rib fractures were detected. The multiplanar reformation analysis yielded a sensitivity of 87.9%/93.9%/79.7% with a specificity of 97%/97%/82.2%, whilst the unfolded rib image analysis yielded a sensitivity of 94.8%/94.8%/92.2% and a specificity of 85.2/87.8%/82.4 (p=0.06/0.8/0.04) with high inter-observer agreement (k=0.79-0.85). The mean reading time for the multiplanar reformations was significantly longer (reader 1: 103.7 ± 27.1s/reader 2: 81.8 ± 40.6s/reader 3: 154.3 ± 39.2s) than the evaluation of the unfolded rib images (19.4 ± 4.9s/26.9 ± 15.0s/49.9 ± 18.7s; p<0.01). Concluding, the unfolded rib display reduces reading time for detection of rib fractures in acute thoracic trauma patients significantly and does not compromise the diagnostic accuracy significantly in experienced radiologists. However, unexperienced readers may profit from use of this display.

Portosystemic pressure reduction achieved with TIPPS and impact of portosystemic collaterals for the prediction of the portosystemic-pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients.

PURPOSE: The portosystemic pressure gradient is an important factor defining prognosis in hepatic disease. However, noninvasive prediction of the gradient and the possible reduction by establishment of a TIPSS is challenging. A cohort of patients receiving TIPSS was evaluated with regard to imaging features of collaterals in cross-sectional imaging and the achievable reduction of the pressure gradient by establishment of a TIPSS. METHODS: In this study 70 consecutive patients with cirrhotic liver disease were retrospectively evaluated. Patients received either CT or MR imaging before invasive pressure measurement during TIPSS procedure. Images were evaluated with regard to esophageal and fundus varices, splenorenal collaterals, short gastric vein and paraumbilical vein. Results were correlated with Child stage, portosystemic pressure gradient and post-TIPSS reduction of the pressure gradient. RESULTS: In 55 of the 70 patients TIPSS reduced the pressure gradient to less than 12 mmHg. The pre-interventional pressure and the pressure reduction were not significantly different between Child stages. Imaging features of varices and portosystemic collaterals did not show significant differences. The only parameter with a significant predictive value for the reduction of the pressure gradient was the pre-TIPSS pressure gradient (r = 0.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TIPSS allows a reliable reduction of the pressure gradient even at high pre-interventional pressure levels and a high collateral presence. In patients receiving TIPSS the presence and the characteristics of the collateral vessels seem to be too variable to draw reliable conclusions concerning the portosystemic pressure gradient.

Balloon coating with rapamycin using an on-site coating device.

PURPOSE: The efficacy of drug-eluting balloons has been demonstrated in clinical trials. The drug predominantly used is paclitaxel because of its lipophilic properties and the rapid onset of action. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an alternative balloon coating with rapamycin that can be applied on site. METHODS: The balloon coating (3.0/18 and 3.0/12 mm, Cathy No. 4, Translumina GmbH) with rapamycin was conducted with a coating machine (Translumina GmbH). Concentrations were 2, 2 × 2, 3, and 4 %. Measurements regarding the amount of substance released to the vessel wall were carried out on explanted porcine coronaries by means of ultraviolet and visible-light spectroscopy. Inflation time varied between 30 and 120 s. The biological effect of the coating was evaluated in a porcine peripheral overstretch and stent implantation model. RESULTS: The amount of rapamycin on the balloon surface ranged from 558 ± 108 µg for the 2 % solution to 1,441 ± 228 µg in the 4 % solution. An amount of 95 ± 63-193 ± 113 µg was released into the vessel wall. The quantitative measurements of the angiographic examinations 4 weeks after treatment revealed a reduction of diameter stenosis from 20.6 ± 17.4 % in the control group to 11.6 ± 5.5 % in the drug-eluting balloon group. CONCLUSION: A balloon coating with rapamycin omitting an excipient is possible with a dose-adjustable coating machine. However, the biological effects are moderate, which make further optimization of the coating process and evaluation of appropriate excipients necessary.

Decreased neointimal extracellular matrix formation in RAGE-knockout mice after microvascular denudation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vivo the role of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycated end products) in the development of restenosis and neointimal proliferation in RAGE-deficient knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen WT and 15 RAGE-deficient mice underwent microvascular denudation of the common femoral artery under general anaesthesia. Contralateral arteries underwent a sham operation and served as controls. Four weeks after the intervention, all animals were killed, and paraformaldehyde-fixed specimens of the femoral artery were analysed with different stains (hematoxylin and eosin and Elastica van Gieson) and several different types of immunostaining (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, α-actin, collagen, von Willebrand factor, RAGE). Luminal area, area of the neointima, and area of the media were measured in all specimens. In addition, colony-formation assays were performed, and collagen production by WT smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and RAGE-KO SMCs was determined. For statistical analysis, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Four weeks after denudation, WT mice showed a 49.6% loss of luminal area compared with 14.9% loss of luminal area in RAGE-deficient mice (sham = 0% loss) (P < 0.001). The neointima was 18.2 (*1000 µm(2) [n = 15) in the WT group compared with only 8.4 (*1000 µm(2) [n = 16]) in the RAGE-KO group. RAGE-KO SMCs showed significantly decreased proliferation activity and production of extracellular matrix protein. CONCLUSION: RAGE may be shown to play a considerable role in the formation of neointima leading to restenosis after vascular injury.

Epithelioid angiosarcoma with metastatic disease after endovascular therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Malignancies of the aortic wall represent a rare condition, and only a few reports have covered cases of sarcomas arising at the site of a prosthesis made of Dacron. A coincidence with endovascular repair has only been reported in one case to date. We report a patient with epithelioid angiosarcoma and metastatic disease, which was found in an aneurysmal sac after endovascular aortic repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: initial tumour response after short-term and long-interval chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads using modified RECIST.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial tumour response after one, respectively, two transarterial chemoembolizations (TACE) with drug-eluting (DC) beads in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 26 patients with clinically approved HCC underwent one or two TACE with DC Beads within 6 weeks and were evaluated after 12 weeks by MRI or computed tomography on the basis of the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in the Solid Tumours guidelines for HCC. For improved comparability of both groups, 16 patients were matched in terms of Child-Pugh classification, Barcelona classification of liver cancer, age and sex. RESULTS: The overall tumour response showed progressive disease in 11% and an objective response in 89% for the double TACE group compared with progressive disease in 29.5%, objective response in 34.5% and stable disease in 35% for the single TACE group. In the matched population, absolute tumour shrinkage was 61.1 ± 28.3% for the double TACE group and 14.1 ± 38.5% for the single TACE group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study shows significantly higher tumour shrinkage in patients who underwent two TACE within 6 weeks compared with patients who underwent a single intervention in terms of the initial response rate after 12 weeks. It emphasizes the use of matched populations for the evaluation of tumour response in HCC after TACE.