A golden opportunity: benzofuranone modifications of aurones and their influence on optical properties, toxicity, and potential as dyes.

Aurones are a small subclass of the flavonoid family known primarily for their unusual structure and the golden yellow color they impart to the flowers of snapdragons and cosmos. Most studies of aurones focus on their range of biological activities, but relatively little has been reported with respect to their optical properties, unlike their aza and thio analogs. What little is known has focused entirely on the influence of the benzylidene portion. In this study, the influence of substitution in the benzofuranone ring on the UV-vis spectrum is explored, as well as an initial screening of their toxicity and a qualitative preliminary study of their potential to act as fabric dyes.

DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Kratom.

The psychoactive plant kratom is a native plant to Southeast Asia, and its major bioactive alkaloid is mitragynine. Mitragynine exerts its analgesic properties by acting on the opioid receptors. One of its active metabolites, 7-hydroxymytraginine, is found to be 40 times more potent than mitragynine and 10 times more potent than morphine. Interestingly, current research suggests that mitragynine behaves as an atypical opioid agonist, possessing analgesic activity with less severe side effects than those of typical opioids. Although Thailand and Malaysia have criminalized the use, possession, growing, or selling of kratom due to its abuse potential, kratom still remains unregulated in the United States. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) listed kratom as a "drug of concern" in 2008 with the intent to temporarily place mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. However, responses from the general public, U.S. Congress, and Kratom Alliances had the DEA retract their intent. Kratom is currently marketed in the United States as a dietary or herbal supplement used to treat chronic pain, anxiety, and depression with over $207 million in annual sales in the United States alone. Here, we will review the traditional and medicinal uses of kratom along with the synthesis of its bioactive ingredients and their pharmacology, metabolism, and structure-activity relationships. The importance in society of this currently controversial substance will also be discussed.