White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency.

The development of white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) holds great promise for the production of highly efficient large-area light sources. High internal quantum efficiencies for the conversion of electrical energy to light have been realized. Nevertheless, the overall device power efficiencies are still considerably below the 60-70 lumens per watt of fluorescent tubes, which is the current benchmark for novel light sources. Although some reports about highly power-efficient white OLEDs exist, details about structure and the measurement conditions of these structures have not been fully disclosed: the highest power efficiency reported in the scientific literature is 44 lm W(-1) (ref. 7). Here we report an improved OLED structure which reaches fluorescent tube efficiency. By combining a carefully chosen emitter layer with high-refractive-index substrates, and using a periodic outcoupling structure, we achieve a device power efficiency of 90 lm W(-1) at 1,000 candelas per square metre. This efficiency has the potential to be raised to 124 lm W(-1) if the light outcoupling can be further improved. Besides approaching internal quantum efficiency values of one, we have also focused on reducing energetic and ohmic losses that occur during electron-photon conversion. We anticipate that our results will be a starting point for further research, leading to white OLEDs having efficiencies beyond 100 lm W(-1). This could make white-light OLEDs, with their soft area light and high colour-rendering qualities, the light sources of choice for the future.

Large-area, transparent, and flexible infrared photodetector fabricated using P-N junctions formed by N-doping chemical vapor deposition grown graphene.

Graphene is a highly promising material for high speed, broadband, and multicolor photodetection. Because of its lack of bandgap, individually gated P- and N-regions are needed to fabricate photodetectors. Here we report a technique for making a large-area photodetector on the basis of controllable fabrication of graphene P-N junctions. Our selectively doped chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene photodetector showed a ∼5% modulation of conductance under global IR irradiation. By comparing devices of various geometries, we identify that both the homogeneous and the P-N junction regions contribute competitively to the photoresponse. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our two-terminal graphene photodetector can be fabricated on both transparent and flexible substrates without the need for complex fabrication processes used in electrically gated three-terminal devices. This represents the first demonstration of a fully transparent and flexible graphene-based IR photodetector that exhibits both good photoresponsivity and high bending capability. This simple approach should facilitate the development of next generation high-performance IR photodetectors.

Highly stable organic polymer field-effect transistor sensor for selective detection in the marine environment.

In recent decades, the susceptibility to degradation in both ambient and aqueous environments has prevented organic electronics from gaining rapid traction for sensing applications. Here we report an organic field-effect transistor sensor that overcomes this barrier using a solution-processable isoindigo-based polymer semiconductor. More importantly, these organic field-effect transistor sensors are stable in both freshwater and seawater environments over extended periods of time. The organic field-effect transistor sensors are further capable of selectively sensing heavy-metal ions in seawater. This discovery has potential for inexpensive, ink-jet printed, and large-scale environmental monitoring devices that can be deployed in areas once thought of as beyond the scope of organic materials.

Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care.

Continuous monitoring of internal physiological parameters is essential for critical care patients, but currently can only be practically achieved via tethered solutions. Here we report a wireless, real-time pressure monitoring system with passive, flexible, millimetre-scale sensors, scaled down to unprecedented dimensions of 1 × 1 × 0.1 cubic millimeters. This level of dimensional scaling is enabled by novel sensor design and detection schemes, which overcome the operating frequency limits of traditional strategies and exhibit insensitivity to lossy tissue environments. We demonstrate the use of this system to capture human pulse waveforms wirelessly in real time as well as to monitor in vivo intracranial pressure continuously in proof-of-concept mice studies using sensors down to 2.5 × 2.5 × 0.1 cubic millimeters. We further introduce printable wireless sensor arrays and show their use in real-time spatial pressure mapping. Looking forward, this technology has broader applications in continuous wireless monitoring of multiple physiological parameters for biomedical research and patient care.

Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring.

Flexible pressure sensors are essential parts of an electronic skin to allow future biomedical prostheses and robots to naturally interact with humans and the environment. Mobile biomonitoring in long-term medical diagnostics is another attractive application for these sensors. Here we report the fabrication of flexible pressure-sensitive organic thin film transistors with a maximum sensitivity of 8.4 kPa(-1), a fast response time of <10 ms, high stability over >15,000 cycles and a low power consumption of <1 mW. The combination of a microstructured polydimethylsiloxane dielectric and the high-mobility semiconducting polyisoindigobithiophene-siloxane in a monolithic transistor design enabled us to operate the devices in the subthreshold regime, where the capacitance change upon compression of the dielectric is strongly amplified. We demonstrate that our sensors can be used for non-invasive, high fidelity, continuous radial artery pulse wave monitoring, which may lead to the use of flexible pressure sensors in mobile health monitoring and remote diagnostics in cardiovascular medicine.

Luminous power efficiency optimization of a white organic light-emitting diode by tuning its spectrum and its extraction efficiency.

We show an increase of the luminous power efficiency of a white organic light-emitting diode (LED) with three emitters by optimizing its spectrum and its extraction efficiency. To calculate this efficiency we use a model with four parameters: the spectra, extraction efficiencies, internal quantum efficiencies of three emitters, and the driving voltage. This luminous power efficiency increases by 30% by use of a spectrum close to the spectrum of the MacAdam limit. This limit gives the highest luminous efficacy for a given chromaticity. We also show that a white organic LED with an inefficient deep blue emitter can give the same luminous power efficiency as a white organic LED with a more efficient light blue emitter, because of their different fractions in the radiant flux. Tuning the extraction efficiency with a microcavity to the spectrum also increases the luminous power efficiency by 10%.

Ultrafast breathinglike oscillation in the exciton density of ZnSe quantum wells.

The spatial density profile of a low-density exciton ensemble in ZnSe quantum wells shows a breathinglike oscillation on a 30-ps time scale. This breathing results from the emission of the first acoustic phonon at the end of the quasiballistic transport phase of the excitons which reverses their direction of propagation. Since the scattering destroys the phase of the excitonic wave function, one can deduce simultaneously the coherence length and the coherence time of excitonic transport by evaluation of the oscillation measured from a single experiment. The breathing, which can be modeled by Monte Carlo simulations, is quenched for rising lattice temperature, i.e., increasing phonon absorption, and in samples with significant disorder. These results were obtained by time-resolved nanophotoluminescence with 5 ps and 250 nm temporal and spatial resolution, respectively.