Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP-4) regulates stemness in cervical cancer cells.

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) belongs to a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) metalloproteinases inhibitors that are overexpressed in several cancers. However, the role of TIMP-4 during carcinogenesis is poorly understood. To evaluate TIMP-4 functions in carcinogenesis, stably transfected cells overexpressing this tissue inhibitor were used. Xenograft tumor growth, stem cell enrichment, colony formation, and gene regulation were investigated. Microarrays and in silico analysis were carried out to elucidate TIMP-4 molecular mechanisms. In the present report, we show that in nude mice, cervical cancer cells that overexpress TIMP-4 formed tumors faster than control cell-derived tumors. Furthermore, in vivo limiting dilution assays showed that fewer TIMP-4 overexpressing cells are needed for tumor formation. In vitro analyses demonstrated that TIMP-4 overexpression or exposure to human recombinant TIMP-4 (hrTIMP4) caused an enrichment of the tumor progenitor cell (TPC) population. Accordingly, genome-wide expression and signaling pathway analyses showed that hrTIMP-4 modulated cell survival, cell proliferation, inflammation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling networks. Notably, NFκB signaling pathway appeared to be globally activated upon hrTIMP-4 treatment. Overall, this report provides the first example that TIMP-4 regulates carcinogenesis through enriching the TPC population in cervical cancer cells. Understanding TIMP-4 effects on tumorigenesis may provide clues for future therapies design. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Discovery and prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing.

To gain insight into the genomic basis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we performed massively parallel whole-exome sequencing of 55 primary tumor samples from patients with DLBCL and matched normal tissue. We identified recurrent mutations in genes that are well known to be functionally relevant in DLBCL, including MYD88, CARD11, EZH2, and CREBBP. We also identified somatic mutations in genes for which a functional role in DLBCL has not been previously suspected. These genes include MEF2B, MLL2, BTG1, GNA13, ACTB, P2RY8, PCLO, and TNFRSF14. Further, we show that BCL2 mutations commonly occur in patients with BCL2/IgH rearrangements as a result of somatic hypermutation normally occurring at the IgH locus. The BCL2 point mutations are primarily synonymous, and likely caused by activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated somatic hypermutation, as shown by comprehensive analysis of enrichment of mutations in WRCY target motifs. Those nonsynonymous mutations that are observed tend to be found outside of the functionally important BH domains of the protein, suggesting that strong negative selection against BCL2 loss-of-function mutations is at play. Last, by using an algorithm designed to identify likely functionally relevant but infrequent mutations, we identify KRAS, BRAF, and NOTCH1 as likely drivers of DLBCL pathogenesis in some patients. Our data provide an unbiased view of the landscape of mutations in DLBCL, and this in turn may point toward new therapeutic strategies for the disease.

Cancer stem cells.

There are two hypotheses that explain tumor progression. The first one, the stochastic hypothesis, assumes that any cell within a tumor has the capacity to form and maintain the tumor mass. The second, the so-called hierarchical hypothesis, suggests the existence of a group of cells with a stem phenotype which, like in normal tissues, preserves tumors through a continuous production of progeny. These stem cells are in a particular niche, have a higher resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and are also capable of invading and migrating to other tissues. This review describes the cancer stem cells (CSCs), their function inside a tumor and the current knowledge about these cells.

Basal-Type Breast Cancer Stem Cells Over-Express Chromosomal Passenger Complex Proteins.

(1) Aim: In the present paper we analyzed the transcriptome of CSCs (Cancer Stem Cells), in order to find defining molecular processes of breast cancer. (2) Methods: We performed RNA-Seq from CSCs isolated from the basal cell line MDA-MB-468. Enriched processes and networks were studied using the IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) tool. Validation was performed with qRT-PCR and the analysis of relevant genes was evaluated by overexpression, flow cytometry and in vivo zebrafish studies. Finally, the clinical relevance of these results was assessed using reported cohorts. (3) Results: We found that CSCs presented marked differences from the non-CSCs, including enrichment in transduction cascades related to stemness, cellular growth, proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, CSCs overexpressed a module of co-regulated Chromosomal Passenger Proteins including BIRC5 (survivin), INCENP and AURKB. Overexpression of BIRC5 increased the number of CSCs, as assessed by in vitro and in vivo zebrafish xenotransplant analyses. Analysis of previously published cohorts showed that this co-regulated module was not only overexpressed in basal breast tumors but also associated with relapse-free and overall survival in these patients. (4) Conclusions: These results underline the importance of Cancer Stem Cells in breast cancer progression and point toward the possible use of chromosomal passenger proteins as prognostic factors.

Advances in the knowledge of breast cancer stem cells. A review.

Much effort has been made by researchers to elucidate the complex biology of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), a small subset of breast tumor cells that display stem cell properties, drive tumor initiation, and growth. In recent years, it has been suggested that BCSCs could be responsible for the process of metastasis and the development of drug resistance. These findings make the need to find the distinguishing blend of markers that can recognize only BCSCs of the utmost importance in order to be able to design new targeted therapies. This review will summarize BCSCs' main features as well as the cell surface markers that are currently used to identify them.

The genomic landscape of pediatric Ewing sarcoma.

UNLABELLED: Pediatric Ewing sarcoma is characterized by the expression of chimeric fusions of EWS and ETS family transcription factors, representing a paradigm for studying cancers driven by transcription factor rearrangements. In this study, we describe the somatic landscape of pediatric Ewing sarcoma. These tumors are among the most genetically normal cancers characterized to date, with only EWS-ETS rearrangements identified in the majority of tumors. STAG2 loss, however, is present in more than 15% of Ewing sarcoma tumors; occurs by point mutation, rearrangement, and likely nongenetic mechanisms; and is associated with disease dissemination. Perhaps the most striking finding is the paucity of mutations in immediately targetable signal transduction pathways, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches to target EWS-ETS fusions in this disease. SIGNIFICANCE: We performed next-generation sequencing of Ewing sarcoma, a pediatric cancer involving bone, characterized by expression of EWS-ETS fusions. We found remarkably few mutations. However, we discovered that loss of STAG2 expression occurs in 15% of tumors and is associated with metastatic disease, suggesting a potential genetic vulnerability in Ewing sarcoma.