Correction to: Retrospective Assessment of Behavioral Inhibition in Infants and Toddlers: Development of a Parent Report Questionnaire.

The original version of this article were unfortunately published with an error in "Methods" section. This has been corrected by publishing this correction article.

Aggression modulates neural correlates of hostile intention attribution to laughter in children.

The tendency to interpret nonverbal social signals as hostile in intention is associated with aggressive responding, poor social functioning and mental illness, and can already be observed in childhood. To investigate the neural correlates of such hostile attributions of social intention, we performed a functional magnetic imaging study in 10-18 year old children and adolescents. Fifty healthy participants rated videos of laughter, which they were told to imagine as being directed towards them, as friendly versus hostile in social intention. Hostile intention ratings were associated with neural response in the right temporal voice area (TVA). Moreover, self-reported trait physical aggression modulated this relationship in both the right TVA and bilateral lingual gyrus, with stronger associations between hostile intention ratings and neural activation in children with higher trait physical aggression scores. Functional connectivity results showed decreased connectivity between the right TVA and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with increasing trait physical aggression for making hostile social intention attributions. We conclude that children's social intention attributions are more strongly related to activation of early face and voice-processing regions with increasing trait physical aggression.

Transgenerational transmission of psychopathology: when are adaptive emotion regulation strategies protective in children?

BACKGROUND: Children of parents with a mental illness (COPMI) have multiple psychological and developmental risks, including an increased lifetime risk of developing a mental illness themselves. Emotion regulation (ER) has been identified as a potential underlying mechanism of the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. This study compares ER strategies in parents with and without a mental illness and their children. Further, it aims to examine the relationship between parents and children's psychopathology with a focus on the role of parental and child ER. METHODS: Participants were 96 COPMI (77% female) and 99 children of parents without mental illness (COPWMI, 83% female) aged 4-16 years and their parents. Psychopathology and ER strategies of parents and children were assessed with a series of questionnaires. RESULTS: Both COPMI and their parents showed significantly more psychopathology and more maladaptive and adaptive ER strategies in comparison with COPWMI and their parents. Parent and child adaptive ER strategies mediated the relationship between the psychopathology of parents and children only when child maladaptive ER strategies were low. CONCLUSIONS: The findings further our understanding of the processes by which parental psychopathology affects child outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing preventive programs that specifically target the reduction of maladaptive ER in children to interrupt the transgenerational transmission of psychopathological symptoms.

Retrospective assessment of behavioral inhibition in infants and toddlers: development of a parent report questionnaire.

A behaviorally inhibited temperament in early childhood has been identified as a potential risk factor for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The purpose of our investigation was the development and evaluation of the factor structure, reliability and validity of the first retrospective parent report measure to assess behavioral inhibition in infants and toddlers. Principal Component Analysis of the Retrospective Infant Behavioral Inhibition Scale (RIBI) supported a three factor solution of the core features of BI in two unselected samples. Internal consistency and inter-rater agreement of both parent judgments were >.90 and >.70. Scores of the RIBI were positively correlated with the parent report temperament questionnaire IBQ and a laboratory-based test at age 14 months with the child.

Aggression differentially modulates neural correlates of social intention attribution to benevolent, tickling and taunting laughter: An fMRI study in children and adolescents.

Human laughter is a powerful means of communicating social intention, ranging from welcoming and friendly to hostile and ridiculing. To be communicated accurately, the recipient must correctly identify the laugher's underlying social intention. Regular misattribution of the social intention of others has been associated with maladaptive psychosocial development, in particular with aggressive behavior. We investigated the relationship between self-reported aggressive behavior and the neural correlates of social intention attributions to different audiovisual laughter types in 50 healthy children and adolescents (29 female, 10-18 years, M 15.5, SD 2.2) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Trial-by-trial associations of neural response and behavioral attributions were distinctly modulated by aggression for benevolent versus taunting and tickling laughter. With increasing aggression, hostile misattributions of benevolent laughter were associated with decreased dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior insular cortex activation. In contrast, hostile attributions of taunting and tickling laughter were associated with increased superior frontal, superior temporal, medial prefrontal, supplementary motor, and anterior and mid-cingulate cortex activation. We argue that aggression may be associated with down-regulated emotional saliency of benevolent laughter, whereas up-regulated neural responses to taunting laughter may underlie a heightened sensitivity to hostility or acceptance of taunting behavior in more aggressive individuals.

Reflective and impulsive reactions in ADHD subtypes.

Research on different subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) yielded inconsistent results regarding the nature of cognitive deficits. Whereas some studies report significant differences between subtypes, others fail to report these differences. In fact, the majority of studies in the field of ADHD does not differentiate between subtypes at all. The present study adopted the cognitive task of negating valence to compare the DSM-defined ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C; n = 25), the inattentive subtype (ADHD-I; n = 25) and the control group (n = 30). As a main result, children with ADHD-C showed significant impairments compared to children with ADHD-I and the control group on conscious responses-driven by executive function, as well as on unconscious associative tasks. Medical treatment with stimulants positively influenced cognitive performance, although to a different extent for subgroups. The results are discussed in the context of current theories of ADHD and imply indications for further research in this field.

[Diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood and adolescence]. / Diagnostik der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Kindes- und Jugendalter.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has severe psychosocial consequences over the whole life course of patients and their families. During childhood and adolescence ADHD needs to be discriminated from other psychiatric or somatic disorders. Clinical diagnosis is met according to the diagnostic criteria by integrating several anamnestic sources and standardised diagnostic means. Diagnosis of comorbid disorders is obligatory due to their high prevalence rates. In some cases successful treatment of a child suffering from ADHD requires the additional diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in further family members.