Searching for food in a concrete jungle: feeding ecology of a Psittacine assemblage (Aves, Psittacidae) in a major Amazonian city.

The efficient use of food resources is a precondition for wild species´ survival in urban environments. The feeding ecology of animals in tropical cities, however, remains poorly investigated. Here we study the feeding ecology of parrots in Manaus, a major Amazonian city, and compare the results with a parrot assemblage living in undisturbed habitats. We recorded 203 feeding bouts from eight parrot species, which consumed parts of 51 plant species. Parrot diets were dominated by native palm species (Arecaceae). Exotic plants, however, constituted an important portion of the diet of some parrots. Levin's indices, a measure of food niche width, varied from 0.40 to 0.83, indicating an overall tendency to generalist diets. Diet overlap between species was small, indicating broad resource partitioning between members of the assemblage. The diversity of plants consumed in the natural environment was greater than in the urban environment (71 species vs. 52). However, the diversity of plants consumed was similar for parrot species recorded both in natural and urban environments, indicating that occupation of the city does not imply an impoverishment in parrot diets. Creation of municipal protected areas and increasing the city afforestation would provide complementary strategies for Manaus parrot conservation.

Amazonian Melastomataceae blueberries: Determination of phenolic content, nutritional composition, and antioxidant and anti-glycation activities.

Berries come from hundreds of different species of plants spread around the world. Blackberries, blueberries and raspberries, for instance, are popular berries that have attracted attention for providing several benefits to human health. Wild berries from the Melastomataceae family are commonly encountered in the Amazon, although these small blue fruits are poorly consumed. Although domesticated fruits give better monetary profits, the consumption of wild fruits is a desirable option to afford income and/or food to communities at the same time as keep the Amazon region preserved. Aiming the divulgation of the nutritional potential of these plants, this paper describes the study of six species of Amazonian blueberries, five of them from the Clidemia genus and one from the Tococa genus, in regard to their nutritional and chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA). The levels of moisture, ash, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and the total caloric values obtained for the Amazonian blueberries were comparable to other common edible berries. Although the six species are similar in terms of nutritional composition, their anthocyanin profiles and contents are quite peculiar. Two non-methylated anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin, which bound to a variable number of sugars, characterized the berries of the genera Clidemia and Tococa. Clidemia japurensis, Clidemia hirta and Tococa bullifera were rich in tri-glycosylated anthocyanins, although differences are notable between them. Clidemia pustulata and Clidemia capitellata were characterized by the prevalence of mono-glycosylated anthocyanins, and Clidemia rubra showed a unique profile with mono- and di-glycosylated homologous as the main anthocyanins. In addition to their different chemical profiles, the concentrations of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds varied a lot among the six species studied. The species C. rubra had the highest total concentration of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Therefore, this study showed that the blueberries analyzed have potential to be better explored, which we suggest doing in a sustainable way, aiming at the preservation of the Amazon's biodiversity.

Detection of adulterated copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) oil-resins by refractive index and thin layer chromatography / Detecção de óleo-resinas de copaíba adulterados através do índice de refração e da cromatografia de camada delgada

The refractive indices (RI) of the eight samples of copaiba oils, collected for this study at RDS Tupé ranged from 1.50284 to 1.50786. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates of these oils revealed with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent showed dark lilac stains with several small stains at low Rf and a large rounded stain at high Rf. On the other hand, the twelve copaiba oils purchased at local markets presented RI between 1.48176 and 1.50886, and the TLC plates, showed as general profile blue stains, with smaller superimposed stains at low Rf, bigger superimposed stains like elongated stain at high Rf and a colorless rounded stain at middle Rf. Among 12 purchased oils at local markets, a) three oil-resins presented similar RI and TLC profile to those observed for collected copaiba oils; b) six oils showed same RI and TLC profiles to those observed for soybean oil; c) three samples presented RI near to those showed by copaiba oil-resin, however the TLC profile was near to profile observed for a prepared mixture soybean oil: copaiba oil, two samples with 3:1 proportion and one sample with 1:3 proportion. Therefore, the RI determination and the TLC profiles could be considered rapid and efficient procedures for detection of vegetal oil in the copaiba oil-resins.

Os índices de refração (IR) de oito amostras de óleo resina de copaíba coletadas para este estudo na RDS Tupé variaram de 1,50284 a 1,50786. As placas de cromatografia de camada delgada (CCD) dos óleo-resinas, reveladas com o reagente anisaldeído-ácido sulfúrico, apresentaram um perfil cromatográfico característico, com manchas em lilás escura com várias manchas menores na parte do Rf baixo e uma grande mancha arredondada, no Rf alto. Por outro lado, as doze amostras de óleo de copaíba adquiridas no mercado local apresentaram IR entre 1,48176 a 1,50886, e, as placas de CCD apresentaram como perfil característico geral manchas de cor azul, com manchas superpostas menores no Rf baixo, manchas superpostas maiores com aparência alongada no Rf alto e uma mancha arredondada incolor no Rf intermediário. Dentre os doze óleos adquiridos do mercado, a) três óleo-resinas apresentaram IR e perfil CCD semelhantes aos de amostras de óleo de copaíbas coletadas; b) seis óleos apresentaram o mesmo IR e perfil em CCD do óleo de soja; e, c) três amostras apresentaram IR semelhantes aos da amostra do Tupé, porém com o perfil cromatográfico semelhante à uma mistura de óleo de soja: óleo de copaíba, sendo duas na proporção de 3:1 e uma na proporção de 1:3. Portanto, a determinação do IR e a análise do perfil em CCD podem ser considerados ensaios rápidos e eficientes para a detecção de óleos vegetais em óleo-resina de copaíba.