Quantitative histology as a diagnostic tool for celiac disease in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the villous height, the crypt depth, and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes/100 enterocytes of the small intestinal mucosa of children and adolescents with celiac disease; and to classify these findings according to Q- Marsh and Q-histology scales. METHODS: Retrospective study of a database from the Department of Pathology of biopsies from the second portion of the duodenum of pediatric patients. According to the histological report, three groups were established: celiac disease at diagnosis (n = 50), controls (n = 26), giardiasis (n = 10). In each biopsy, software (cellSens and Image J) evaluated 5 villous heights, 5 crypt depth and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes/100 enterocytes. RESULTS: The celiac group had the lowest mean villous height (197.83 µm) of all three groups (control = 477.70 µm; giardiasis = 397.04 µm. The celiac group's villous:crypt ratio (0.78) was significantly lower than the control group (1.89). The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes ≥25 was exclusive to the celiac group, with a sensitivity and specificity of 100 %. Only celiac patients were included in types 2 and 3 of the Q-histology classification. CONCLUSION: Celiac disease patients showed shorter villous height than other groups, and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes ≥25 was the best parameter to differentiate celiac from controls and giardiasis groups. Intraepithelial lymphocytes ≥25/100 enterocytes associated with any degree of villous atrophy, the classic Marsh 3 type, set the histological parameters of celiac disease. Quantitative histology is a valuable tool for diagnosing celiac disease, enabling histological changes in a short time, and the Q-histology scale appears to be more suitable than the Q-Marsh scale.

Treatment with Noripurum EV® is effective and safe in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease and iron deficiency anemia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the therapeutic response and adverse effects of Noripurum EV® in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and iron deficiency anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cohort study involving patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) who received treatment for iron deficiency anemia with Noripurum EV®. Anemia was defined according to WHO 2011 criteria. Iron deficiency anemia was established when ferritin <30µg/l and transferrin saturation <16%. Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease were established when ferritin was between 30 and 100µg/l and transferrin saturation <16%. The total dose of Noripurum EV® was estimated by the Ganzoni formula and divided into weekly administrations. When there was an increase in hemoglobin (Hb) by a minimum of 2g/dl and or when Hb reached the target determined by WHO, treatment was considered a therapeutic success. RESULTS: Noripurum EV® was administered to 16 patients (9.3% of total patients with IBD). Ten (65.5%) were male, the mean (SD) age was 11.3(4.6) years old, 75%(12/16) had CD and 25%(4/16) had UC. All patients presented an increase in Hb (p < .001) at a mean (SD) of 2.8(1.3)g/dl, after median and interquartile range(IQR) of 4.5(3.0-6.0) weeks that iron infusions were completed. It was found that the proportion of patients that achieved therapeutic success (68.8%) was statistically higher (p = .031) than those who did not (31.2%). No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Noripurum EV® in pediatric patients with IBD and iron deficiency anemia was effective and safe, making it an appropriate option for the clinical management of these patients.

Celiac Disease in Brazilian First-degree Relatives: The Odds Are Five Times Greater for HLA DQ2 Homozygous.

First-degree relatives (FDRs) of 47 outpatients with celiac disease (CD) answered a questionnaire about symptoms related to CD and were investigated for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2, DQB102 homozygosis, and DQ8 alleles. Genetically susceptible individuals were tested for antitransglutaminase antibody immunoglobulin A. Seropositive FDR underwent small bowel biopsies.From 114 FDR, 74.5% (n = 85) were positive for DQ2, DQ8, or both haplotypes. Homozygosity of DQB102 was found in 11.4% (n = 13) individuals. Three FDR were previously diagnosed with CD. Among the genetically susceptible individuals, 67.1% had at least 1 symptom related to CD. Seropositivity was 8/82 (9.8%), and 4/8 biopsies were compatible with CD. Therefore, the total number of FDR with CD was 6.1% (7/114), 95% confidence interval (1.71, 10.49). Three out of 7 FDR with CD were HLA DQB102 homozygous. The odds of being CD is 5 times, 95% confidence interval (0.99, 26.23), greater for HLA DQ B102 homozygous in FDR.

BODY IRON STATUS INDICATORS AND INFLAMMATION INDICATORS DURING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE THERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTES.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of the induction and maintenance remission of the disease. Iron status indicators would be useful for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, whereas the inflammation indicators would be for the diagnosis of chronic disease anemia. OBJECTIVE: To assess body iron status indicators and inflammation indicators during the treatment of IBD, consisted of conventional or infliximab therapy in children and adolescents. METHODS: A case-control study of a sample of 116 individuals, of which 81 patients with IBD, 18 of them receiving conventional therapy, 20 infliximab therapy, and 43 who were in remission of the disease, and 35 healthy (control group) children and adolescents. Iron status and inflammation indicators were investigated at baseline, and 2 and 6 months of both therapies - conventional and infliximab. RESULTS: The mean age was 12.1±4.3 years. At baseline, both groups - conventional therapy and infliximab - presented significant differences in most markers studied compared to the control group. After 2 months of conventional therapy, hemoglobin and serum iron levels were lower than those of the control group; and red cells distribution width (RDW), total iron-binding capacity, transferrin receptor/ferritin ratio, and interleukin-6 were higher than the control group. After 2 months of infliximab treatment, hemoglobin and serum iron levels were lower than those of the control group; and RDW, soluble transferrin receptor, soluble transferrin receptor/ferritin ratio, and interleukin-6 were higher than the control group. After 6 months of conventional therapy, hemoglobin and serum iron levels were lower than those of the control group, and RDW and interleukin-6 were higher than those of the control group. After 6 months of infliximab treatment, the hemoglobin and serum iron levels were lower than the control group, and RDW, soluble transferrin receptor, soluble transferrin receptor/ferritin ratio, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelets were higher than the control group. Regarding patients under treatment for at least one year (remission group), all markers studied, except transferrin, were similar to the control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there were some contradictions among the different body iron status indicators and inflammation indicators at two and 6 months of treatment with conventional and infliximab therapy, however after one year of treatment, as shown by the remission group, all indicators studied, except transferrin, were similar to healthy children and adolescents.

High prevalence of celiac disease in Brazilian blood donor volunteers based on screening by IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of celiac disease among blood donor volunteers based on screening by IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody, followed by a confirmatory small intestine biopsy. METHODS: The transversal study involved 3000 potential blood donors, residing in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The participants were gender divided into 1500 men and 1500 women, with an average age 34.4+/-10.8 years, and included blood donor volunteers who could be turned down owing to anemia. All participants answered a questionnaire concerning the presence of diarrhea, constipation or abdominal pain during the 3 months before the study. Each participant with human recombinant IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody level above 10 U/ml was invited to undergo a small intestine biopsy by means of an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The presence of villous atrophy and a positive antibody test were suggestive of possible celiac disease. RESULTS: Antitissue transglutaminase antibody was positive in 1.5% (45/3000) of the study population. Among the antibody-positive group, 21 (46.6%) agreed to have a biopsy performed, and within them the histological pattern of villous atrophy was confirmed in 66.7% (14/21). Consequently, the suggestive prevalence of celiac disease was at the minimum, one per 214 of the potential blood donor volunteers. A significant association was found between celiac disease and the symptoms of diarrhea, constipation and abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of celiac disease in Sao Paulo city is high and comparable to that observed in European countries. It is possible that in Brazil the prevalence of this disease had previously been underestimated.

Biochemical profile of coconut water from coconut palms planted in an inland region.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biochemical profile of coconut water from dwarf coconut palms planted in non-coastal regions, during the maturation period (sixth to ninth month). METHODS: Eight of 15 coconut palms planted in a non-coastal region were selected by lots and their coconuts sent to a laboratory for extraction and analysis of the coconut water. Coconut water from a total of 45 coconuts, from the sixth to ninth months' maturity, were analyzed to measure glucose, electrolytes, total proteins and osmolarity and to identify the sugars contained. RESULTS: The analysis of coconut water from the sixth to ninth month did not find any differences in the median concentrations of sodium (3 mEq/L; 2 and 3), glucose (0.6 g/L; 0.3 and 17.3) or total proteins (9 g/L; 6 and 12), but detected a reduction in the concentration of potassium (64 mEq/L; 46 and 99), calcium (6.5 mmol/L; 5 and 8.5), magnesium (8 mmol/L; 3.9 and 9.8), chloride (38.5 mEq/L; 30 and 48.7) and osmolarity (419 mOsmol/L; 354 and 472). With relation to the sugars, identified by chromatography on paper, an increase was observed from the sixth to the ninth month in the concentration of fructose (68 mg/microL; 44 and 320) and glucose (299 mg/microL; 262 and 332) and in conjunction with a concentration of sucrose (340 mg/microL; 264 and 390). CONCLUSIONS: The biochemical profile of coconut water varied as the coconuts matured, observing reductions in the concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and osmolarity. Descending paper chromatography revealed an increase in the concentration of fructose and glucose and also a reduction in the concentration of sucrose.

[Nutrient intake and nutritional status of children following a diet free from cow's milk and cow's milk by-products]. / Ingestão de nutrientes e estado nutricional de crianças em dieta isenta de leite de vaca e derivados.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the food intake and the nutritional status of children on a cow's milk and cow's milk by-products free diet. METHODS: Twenty-six children receiving a cow's milk and cow's milk by-products free diet were assessed during their first visit to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic (mean age = 19.1 months). Thirty children with no food restriction (mean age = 16.8 months) were also assessed. The usual daily food intake method was used to make the dietary assessment. The food intake was compared between the groups and in relation to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The z-scores for weight/age, height/age and weight/height were used to evaluate the nutritional status. RESULTS: The cow's milk free diet group presented lower energy (p = 0.005), protein (p < 0.001), lipid (p < 0.001), calcium (p < 0.001) and phosphorous (p < 0.001) intake when compared to the control group. The number of children who had energy, calcium and phosphorous intake below the DRIs was higher in the cow's milk free diet group than in the control group. The z-score means for the cow's milk free diet and control groups were, respectively: height/age -0.81+/-1.06 vs +0.42+/-1.25 (p < 0.001), weight/age -1.03+/-1.21 vs +0.02+/-0.91 (p < 0.001), and weight/height -0.63+/-1.08 vs +0.30+/-1.11 (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: During the cow's milk and cow s milk by-products exclusion therapy, qualitative and quantitative food intake monitoring must be carried out periodically, so as to prevent inadequacies in meeting nutritional requirements and impairment of growth and development.

Biochemical profile of coconut water from coconut palms planted in an inland region

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil bioquímico da água de coco de coqueiros-anões plantados em região não litorânea, no período de maturação (sexto ao nono mês). MÉTODOS: Selecionaram-se por sorteio oito de 15 coqueiros plantados em região não litorânea, e os cocos foram enviados ao laboratório para extração e análise da água de coco. Avaliou-se glicose, eletrólitos, proteínas totais, osmolaridade, e identificaram-se açúcares da água de coco, em um total de 45 cocos, do sexto ao nono mês de maturação. RESULTADOS: A análise da água de coco do sexto ao nono mês não demonstrou diferença da mediana da concentração do sódio (3 mEq/L; 2 e 3), glicose (0,6 g/L; 0,3 e 17,3) e proteínas totais (9 g/L; 6 e 12); houve redução na concentração de potássio (64 mEq/L; 46 e 99), cálcio (6,5 mmol/L; 5 e 8,5), magnésio (8 mmol/L; 3,9 e 9,8), cloro (38,5 mEq/L; 30 e 48,7) e osmolaridade (419 mOsmol/L; 354 e 472). Com relação aos açúcares identificados por cromatografia em papel, observou-se aumento da concentração de frutose (68 mg/µL; 44 e 320) e de glicose (299 mg/µL; 262 e 332) e redução na concentração de sacarose (340 mg/µL; 264 e 390) do sexto ao nono mês. CONCLUSÕES: O perfil bioquímico da água de coco variou durante a maturação do fruto, observando-se redução da concentração de potássio, cálcio, magnésio, cloro e osmolaridade. Segundo a cromatografia em papel descendente, observou-se aumento da concentração de frutose e de glicose, bem como redução da concentração de sacarose.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biochemical profile of coconut water from dwarf coconut palms planted in non-coastal regions, during the maturation period (sixth to ninth month). METHODS: Eight of 15 coconut palms planted in a non-coastal region were selected by lots and their coconuts sent to a laboratory for extraction and analysis of the coconut water. Coconut water from a total of 45 coconuts, from the sixth to ninth months' maturity, were analyzed to measure glucose, electrolytes, total proteins and osmolarity and to identify the sugars contained. RESULTS: The analysis of coconut water from the sixth to ninth month did not find any differences in the median concentrations of sodium (3 mEq/L; 2 and 3), glucose (0.6 g/L; 0.3 and 17.3) or total proteins (9 g/L; 6 and 12), but detected a reduction in the concentration of potassium (64 mEq/L; 46 and 99), calcium (6.5 mmol/L; 5 and 8.5), magnesium (8 mmol/L; 3.9 and 9.8), chloride (38.5 mEq/L; 30 and 48.7) and osmolarity (419 mOsmol/L; 354 and 472). With relation to the sugars, identified by chromatography on paper, an increase was observed from the sixth to the ninth month in the concentration of fructose (68 mg/µL; 44 and 320) and glucose (299 mg/µL; 262 and 332) and in conjunction with a concentration of sucrose (340 mg/µL; 264 and 390). CONCLUSIONS: The biochemical profile of coconut water varied as the coconuts matured, observing reductions in the concentration of potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and osmolarity. Descending paper chromatography revealed an increase in the concentration of fructose and glucose and also a reduction in the concentration of sucrose.

Ingestão de nutrientes e estado nutricional de crianças em dieta isenta de leite de vaca e derivados / Nutrient intake and nutritional status of children following a diet free from cow's milk and cow's milk by-products

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar e o estado nutricional de crianças em dieta isenta de leite de vaca e derivados. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 26 crianças, na primeira consulta realizada em ambulatório de gastroenterologia pediátrica, que vinham recebendo dieta isenta de leite de vaca e derivados (média de idade = 19,1 meses) e 30 crianças com dieta normal, isto é, sem nenhum tipo de restrição alimentar (média de idade = 16,8 meses). Empregou-se o método do dia alimentar habitual para a obtenção dos dados sobre consumo alimentar. A ingestão alimentar foi comparada entre os grupos e em relação às Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). O estado nutricional foi avaliado com base nos escores z de peso/idade, estatura/idade e peso/estatura. RESULTADOS: O grupo em dieta isenta de leite de vaca apresentou menor ingestão de energia (p = 0,005), proteínas (p < 0,001), lipídios (p < 0,001), cálcio (p < 0,001) e fósforo (p < 0,001) quando comparado ao grupo controle. Houve maior número de crianças no grupo em dieta isenta de leite de vaca com ingestão de energia, cálcio e fósforo inferior às DRIs em comparação ao grupo controle. As médias dos escores z dos grupos com dieta isenta de leite de vaca e controle, foram, respectivamente: estatura/idade -0,81±1,06 versus +0,42 ±1,25 (p < 0,001), peso/idade -1,03±1,21 versus +0,02 ±0,91 (p < 0,001) e peso/estatura -0,63 ±1,08 versus +0,30 ±1,11 (p = 0,004). CONCLUSÕES: Durante a terapêutica de exclusão do leite de vaca e seus derivados, deve ser realizado, periodicamente, monitoramento da ingestão alimentar qualitativa e quantitativamente, a fim de se prevenir prováveis inadequações no atendimento às necessidades nutricionais, bem como prejuízo ao crescimento e desenvolvimento dessas crianças.

Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e sua relação com a asma / Gastroesophageal reflux disease and its relationship with asthma

Objetivos: O refluxo gastroesofágico tem sido associado à asma persistente sobretudo a de maior gravidade, mas de modo não unânime. Neste estudo avaliou-se a possível relação entre ambos. Método: Revisão de dados publicados a partir de 1949 em base de dados eletrônicos PubMed, Embase, Scielo e Google, usando como palavras de busca: refluxo gastroesofágico, asma, pHmetria, e esfíncter esofágico inferior, de forma isolada ou associados. Resultado: Esta revisão ressalta a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados sobre a interação entre doença de refluxo gastroesofágico e a asma persistente, sobretudo nas de intensidade moderada a grave. Conclusão: O melhor conhecimento dos fatores envolvidos nesta relação permitirá melhor abordagem terapêutica e conseqüente qualidade de vida a esses pacientes