XMS-CASPT2//XMS-CASPT2 and XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF at comparison: The impact of dynamic correlation in the excited state optimization of nitronaphthalene.

Here, analytical extended multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation method (XMS-CASPT2) gradients are used to rationalize the decreasing triplet quantum yield trend in 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitronaphthalene, and 2-methyl-1-nitronaphthalene, a series of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds. Comparison with the XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF (where CASSCF stands for complete active space self-consistent field method) results highlights the importance of dynamic correlation in geometry optimization and challenges the validity of an XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF approach: XMS-CASPT2 S1 minima leads to planar structures, while CASSCF optimizations trigger a pyramidalization of the nitro group. The XMS-CASPT2 results correlate the reported decreasing triplet quantum yield trend in these species to a decrease in S1 to T2 population transfer and an increase in S1-S0 decay, while no such correlation is observed when using XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF data.

3-Methylation alters excited state decay in photoionised uracil.

UV and VUV-induced processes in DNA/RNA nucleobases are central to understand photo-damaging and photo-protecting mechanisms in our genetic material. Here we model the events following photoionisation and electronic excitation in uracil, methylated in the 1' and 3' positions, using the correlated XMS-CASPT2 method. We compare our results against those for uracil and 5-methyl-uracil (thymine) previously published. We find 3-methylation, an epigenetic modification in non-negligible amounts, shows the largest differences in photoionised decay of all three derivatives studied compared to uracil itself. At the S0 minimum, 3-methyl-uracil (3mUra) shows almost degenerate excited cation states. Upon populating the cation manifold, a crossing is predicted featuring different topography compared to other methylated uracil species in this study. We find an effective 3-state conical intersection accessible for 3mUra+, which points towards an additional pathway for radiationless decay. 3-Methylation reduces the potential energy barrier mediating decay to the cation ground state, making it vanish and leading to a pathway that we expect will contribute to the fastest radiationless decay amongst all methylated uracil species studied to date. 1- and 5-methylation, on the other hand, give differences from uracil in detail only: ionisation potentials are slightly red-shifted and the potential energy barrier mediating decay to the cation ground state is small but almost unchanged. By comparing against CASSCF calculations, we establish XMS-CASPT2 is essential to correctly describe conical intersections for 3mUra+. Our calculations show how a chemical modification that seems relatively small electronically can nevertheless have a significant impact on the behaviour of electronic excited states: a single methylation in the 3' position alters the behaviour of the RNA base uracil and appears to open an additional pathway for radiationless decay following ionisation and electronic excitation.

Modelling Photoionisation in Isocytosine: Potential Formation of Longer-Lived Excited State Cations in its Keto Form.

Studying the effects of UV and VUV radiation on non-canonical DNA/RNA nucleobases allows us to compare how they release excess energy following absorption with respect to their canonical counterparts. This has attracted much research attention in recent years because of its likely influence on the origin of our genetic lexicon in prebiotic times. Here we present a CASSCF and XMS-CASPT2 theoretical study of the photoionisation of non-canonical pyrimidine nucleobase isocytosine in both its keto and enol tautomeric forms. We analyse their lowest energy cationic excited states including 2π+ , 2nO+ and 2nN+ and compare these to the corresponding electronic states in cytosine. Investigating lower-energy decay pathways we find - unexpectedly - that keto-isocytosine+ presents a sizeable energy barrier potentially inhibiting decay to its cationic ground state, whereas enol-isocytosine+ features a barrierless and consequently ultrafast pathway analogous to the one previously found for the canonical (keto) form of cytosine+ . Dynamic electron correlation reduces the energy barrier in the keto form substantially (by ∼1 eV) but it is nevertheless still present. We additionally compute the UV/Vis absorption signals of the structures encountered along these decay channels to provide spectroscopic fingerprints to assist future experiments in monitoring these intricate photo-processes.

Modelling Photoionisation in Isocytosine: Potential Formation of Longer-Lived Excited State Cations in its Keto Form.

The front cover artwork is provided by Dr. Javier Segarra-Martí (University of Valencia, Spain) and Prof. Michael J. Bearpark (Imperial College London, UK). The image shows the ultrafast photoionisation of DNA canonical nucleobase cytosine and the slower ionization process in non-canonical base isocytosine embedded within a DNA backbone. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.202100402.

Molecular excited state calculations with adaptive wavefunctions on a quantum eigensolver emulation: reducing circuit depth and separating spin states.

Ab initio electronic excited state calculations are necessary for the quantitative study of photochemical reactions, but their accurate computation on classical computers is plagued by prohibitive resource scaling. The Variational Quantum Deflation (VQD) is an extension of the quantum-classical Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithm for calculating electronic excited state energies, and has the potential to address some of these scaling challenges using quantum computers. However, quantum computers available in the near term can only support a limited number of quantum circuit operations, so reducing the quantum computational cost in VQD methods is critical to their realisation. In this work, we investigate the use of adaptive quantum circuit growth (ADAPT-VQE) in excited state VQD calculations, a strategy that has been successful previously in reducing the resources required for ground state energy VQE calculations. We also invoke spin restrictions to separate the recovery of eigenstates with different spin symmetry to reduce the number of calculations and accumulation of errors in computing excited states. We created a quantum eigensolver emulation package - Quantum Eigensolver Building on Achievements of Both quantum computing and quantum chemistry (QEBAB) - for testing the proposed adaptive procedure against two existing VQD methods that use fixed-length quantum circuits: UCCGSD-VQD and k-UpCCGSD-VQD. For a lithium hydride test case we found that the spin-restricted adaptive growth variant of VQD uses the most compact circuits out of the tested methods by far, consistently recovers adequate electron correlation energy for different nuclear geometries and eigenstates while isolating the singlet and triplet manifold. This work is a further step towards developing techniques which improve the efficiency of hybrid quantum algorithms for excited state quantum chemistry, opening up the possibility of exploiting real quantum computers for electronic excited state calculations sooner than previously anticipated.

First-principles characterization of the singlet excited state manifold in DNA/RNA nucleobases.

An extensive theoretical characterization of the singlet excited state manifold of the five canonical DNA/RNA nucleobases (thymine, cytosine, uracil, adenine and guanine) in gas-phase is carried out with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and restricted active space second-order perturbation theory (RASPT2) approaches. Both ground state and excited state absorptions are analyzed and compared between these different theoretical approaches, assessing the performance of the hybrid B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP (long-range corrected) functionals with respect to the RASPT2 reference. By comparing the TD-DFT estimates with our reference for high-lying excited states, we are able to narrow down specific energetic windows where TD-DFT may be safely employed to qualitatively reproduce the excited state absorption (ESA) signals registered in non-linear and time-resolved spectroscopy for monitoring photoinduced phenomena. Our results show a qualitative agreement between the RASPT2 reference and the B3LYP computed ESAs of pyrimidines in the near-IR/Visible spectral probing window while for purines the agreement is limited to the near-IR ESAs, with generally larger discrepancies obtained with the CAM-B3LYP functional. This outcome paves the way for appropriate application of cost-effective TD-DFT approaches to simulate linear and non-linear spectroscopies of realistic multichromophoric DNA/RNA systems with biological and nanotechnological relevance.

Modern quantum chemistry with [Open]Molcas.

MOLCAS/OpenMolcas is an ab initio electronic structure program providing a large set of computational methods from Hartree-Fock and density functional theory to various implementations of multiconfigurational theory. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main features of the code, specifically reviewing the use of the code in previously reported chemical applications as well as more recent applications including the calculation of magnetic properties from optimized density matrix renormalization group wave functions.

Excited-State Dynamics of Thienoguanosine, an Isomorphic Highly Fluorescent Analogue of Guanosine.

Thienoguanosine (th G) is an isomorphic analogue of guanosine with promising potentialities as fluorescent DNA label. As a free probe in protic solvents, th G exists in two tautomeric forms, identified as the H1, being the only one observed in nonprotic solvents, and H3 keto-amino tautomers. We herein investigate the photophysics of th G in solvents of different polarity, from water to dioxane, by combining time-resolved fluorescence with PCM/TD-DFT and CASSCF calculations. Fluorescence lifetimes of 14.5-20.5 and 7-13 ns were observed for the H1 and H3 tautomers, respectively, in the tested solvents. In methanol and ethanol, an additional fluorescent decay lifetime (≈3 ns) at the blue emission side (λ≈430 nm) as well as a 0.5 ns component with negative amplitude at the red edge of the spectrum, typical of an excited-state reaction, were observed. Our computational analysis explains the solvent effects observed on the tautomeric equilibrium. The main radiative and nonradiative deactivation routes have been mapped by PCM/TD-DFT calculations in solution and CASSCF in the gas phase. The most easily accessible conical intersection, involving an out-of plane motion of the sulfur atom in the five-membered ring of th G, is separated by a sizeable energy barrier (≥0.4 eV) from the minimum of the spectroscopic state, which explains the large experimental fluorescence quantum yield.

Modeling multidimensional spectral lineshapes from first principles: application to water-solvated adenine.

In this discussion we present a methodology to describe spectral lineshape from first principles, providing insight into the solvent-solute molecular interactions in terms of static and dynamic disorder and how these shape the signals recorded experimentally in linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopies, including two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). Two different strategies for simulating the lineshape are compared: both rely on the same evaluation of the coupling between the electronic states and the intra-molecular vibrations, while they differ in describing the influence exerted by the diverse water configurations attained along a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The first method accounts for such water arrangements as first order perturbations on the adenine energies computed for a single reference (gas phase) quantum calculation. The second method requires computation of the manifold of excited states explicitly at each simulation snapshot, employing a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme. Both approaches are applied to a large number of states of the adenine singlet excited manifold (chosen because of its biological role), and compared with available experimental data. They give comparable results but the first approach is two orders of magnitude faster. We show how the various contributions (static/dynamic disorder, intra-/inter-molecular interactions) sum up to build the total broadening observed in experiments.

Ultrafast and radiationless electronic excited state decay of uracil and thymine cations: computing the effects of dynamic electron correlation.

In this article we characterise the radiationless decay of the first few electronic excited states of the cations of DNA/RNA nucleobases uracil and thymine, including the effects of dynamic electron correlation on energies and geometries (optimised with XMS-CASPT2). In both systems, we find that one state of 2n and another two of 2π+ character can be populated following photoionisation, and their different minima and interstate crossings are located. We find strong similarities between uracil and thymine cations: with accessible conical intersections suggesting that depopulation of their electronic excited states takes place on ultrafast timescales in both systems, suggesting that they are photostable in agreement with previous theoretical (uracil+) evidence. We find that dynamic electron correlation separates the energy levels of the "3-state" conical intersection (D2/D1/D0)CI previously located with CASSCF for uracil+, which will therefore have a different geometry and higher energy. Simulating the electronic and vibrational absorptions allows us to characterise spectral fingerprints that could be used to monitor these cation photo-processes experimentally.

Molecular Vertical Excitation Energies Studied with First-Order RASSCF (RAS[1,1]): Balancing Covalent and Ionic Excited States.

RASSCF calculations of vertical excitation energies were carried out on a benchmark set of 19 organic molecules studied by Thiel and co-workers [ J. Chem. Phys. 2008 , 128 , 134110 ]. The best results, in comparison with the MS-CASPT2 results of Thiel, were obtained using a RASSCF space that contains at most one hole and one particle in the RAS1 and RAS3 spaces, respectively, which we denote as RAS[1,1]. This subset of configurations recovers mainly the effect of polarization and semi-internal electronic correlation that is only included in CASSCF in an averaged way. Adding all-external correlation by allowing double excitations from RAS1 and RAS2 into RAS3 did not improve the results, and indeed, they were slightly worse. The accuracy of the first-order RASSCF computations is demonstrated to be a function of whether the state of interest can be classified as covalent or ionic in the space of configurations built from orbitals localized onto atomic sites. For covalent states, polarization and semi-internal correlation effects are negligible (RAS[1,1]), while for ionic states, these effects are large (because of inherent diffusiveness of these states compared to the covalent states) and, thus, an acceptable agreement with MS-CASPT2 can be obtained using first-order RASSCF with the extra basis set involving 3p orbitals in most cases. However, for those ionic states that are quasi-degenerate with a Rydberg state or for nonlocal nπ* states, there remains a significant error resulting from all external correlation effects.

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy as a tool for tracking molecular conformations in DNA/RNA aggregates.

A computational strategy to simulate two-dimensional electronic spectra (2DES) is introduced, which allows us to analyse ground state dynamics and to sample and measure different conformations attained by flexible molecular systems in solution. An explicit mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach is employed for the evaluation of the necessary electronic excited state energies and transition dipole moments. The method is applied towards a study of the highly flexible water-solvated adenine-adenine monophosphate (ApA), a system featuring two interacting adenine moieties that display various intermolecular arrangements, known to deeply affect their photochemical outcome. Molecular dynamics simulations and cluster analysis have been used to select the molecular conformations, reducing the complexity of the flexible ApA conformational space. By using our sum-over-states (SOS) approach to obtain the 2DES spectra for each of these selected conformations, we can discern spectral changes and relate them to specific nuclear arrangements: close lying π-stacked bases exhibit a splitting of their respective 1La signal traces; T-stacked bases exhibit the appearance of charge transfer states in the low-energy Vis probing window while displaying no 1La splitting, being particularly favoured when promoting amino to 5-ring interactions; unstacked and distant adenine moieties exhibit signals similar to those of the adenine monomer, as is expected for non-interacting nucleobases. 2DES maps reveal the spectral fingerprints associated with specific molecular conformations, and are thus a promising option to enable their quantitative spectroscopic detection beyond standard 1D pump-probe techniques. This is expected to aid the understanding of how nucleobase aggregation controls and modulates the photostability and photo-damage of extended DNA/RNA systems.

The effect of solvent relaxation in the ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy of solvated benzophenone.

Benzophenone (BP) despite its relatively simple molecular structure is a paradigmatic sensitizer, featuring both photocatalytic and photobiological effects due to its rather complex photophysical properties. In this contribution we report an original theoretical approach to model realistic, ultra-fast spectroscopy data, which requires describing intra- and intermolecular energy and structural relaxation. In particular we explicitly simulate time-resolved pump-probe spectra using a combination of state-of-the art hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics dynamics to treat relaxation and vibrational effects. The comparison with experimental transient absorption data demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of our approach. Furthermore the explicit inclusion of the solvent, water for simulation and methanol for experiment, allows us, despite the inherent different behavior of the two, to underline the role played by the H-bonding relaxation in the first hundreds of femtoseconds after optical excitation. Finally we predict for the first time the two-dimensional electronic spectrum (2DES) of BP taking into account the vibrational effects and hence modelling partially symmetric and asymmetric ultrafast broadening.

UV-induced long-lived decays in solvated pyrimidine nucleosides resolved at the MS-CASPT2/MM level.

The most relevant 'dark' electronic excited states in DNA/RNA pyrimidine nucleosides are mapped in water employing hybrid MS-CASPT2/MM optimisations with explicit solvation and including the sugar. Conical intersections (CIs) between initially accessed bright 1ππ* and the lowest energy dark 1nπ* excited states, involving the lone pair localised on the oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms are characterised. They are found in the vicinities of the Franck-Condon (FC) region and are shown to facilitate non-adiabatic population transfer. The excited state population of the 1nOπ* state, localised in the carbonyl moiety on all pyrimidine nucleosides, is predicted to rapidly evolve to its minimum, displaying non-negligible potential energy barriers along its non-radiative decay, and accounting for the ps signal registered in pump-probe experiments as well as for an efficient population of the triplet state. Cytidine displays an additional 1nNπ* state localised in the N3 atom and that leads to its excited state minimum displaying large potential energy barriers in the pathway connecting to the CI with the ground state. Sugar-to-base hydrogen/proton transfer processes are assessed in solution for the first time, displaying a sizable barrier along its decay and thus being competitive with other slow decay channels in the ps and ns timescales. A unified deactivation scheme for the long-lived channels of pyrimidine nucleosides is delivered, where the 1nOπ* state is found to mediate the long-lived decay in the singlet manifold and act as the doorway for triplet population and thus accounting for the recorded phosphorescence and, more generally, for the transient/photoelectron spectral signals registered up to the ns timescale.

Molcas 8: New capabilities for multiconfigurational quantum chemical calculations across the periodic table.

In this report, we summarize and describe the recent unique updates and additions to the Molcas quantum chemistry program suite as contained in release version 8. These updates include natural and spin orbitals for studies of magnetic properties, local and linear scaling methods for the Douglas-Kroll-Hess transformation, the generalized active space concept in MCSCF methods, a combination of multiconfigurational wave functions with density functional theory in the MC-PDFT method, additional methods for computation of magnetic properties, methods for diabatization, analytical gradients of state average complete active space SCF in association with density fitting, methods for constrained fragment optimization, large-scale parallel multireference configuration interaction including analytic gradients via the interface to the Columbus package, and approximations of the CASPT2 method to be used for computations of large systems. In addition, the report includes the description of a computational machinery for nonlinear optical spectroscopy through an interface to the QM/MM package Cobramm. Further, a module to run molecular dynamics simulations is added, two surface hopping algorithms are included to enable nonadiabatic calculations, and the DQ method for diabatization is added. Finally, we report on the subject of improvements with respects to alternative file options and parallelization.

Multiple Decay Mechanisms and 2D-UV Spectroscopic Fingerprints of Singlet Excited Solvated Adenine-Uracil Monophosphate.

The decay channels of singlet excited adenine uracil monophosphate (ApU) in water are studied with CASPT2//CASSCF:MM potential energy calculations and simulation of the 2D-UV spectroscopic fingerprints with the aim of elucidating the role of the different electronic states of the stacked conformer in the excited state dynamics. The adenine (1) La state can decay without a barrier to a conical intersection with the ground state. In contrast, the adenine (1) Lb and uracil S(U) states have minima that are separated from the intersections by sizeable barriers. Depending on the backbone conformation, the CT state can undergo inter-base hydrogen transfer and decay to the ground state through a conical intersection, or it can yield a long-lived minimum stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the two ribose rings. This suggests that the (1) Lb , S(U) and CT states of the stacked conformer may all contribute to the experimental lifetimes of 18 and 240 ps. We have also simulated the time evolution of the 2D-UV spectra and provide the specific fingerprint of each species in a recommended probe window between 25 000 and 38 000 cm(-1) in which decongested, clearly distinguishable spectra can be obtained. This is expected to allow the mechanistic scenarios to be discerned in the near future with the help of the corresponding experiments. Our results reveal the complexity of the photophysics of the relatively small ApU system, and the potential of 2D-UV spectroscopy to disentangle the photophysics of multichromophoric systems.

Assessment of the Potential Energy Hypersurfaces in Thymine within Multiconfigurational Theory: CASSCF vs. CASPT2.

The present study provides new insights into the topography of the potential energy hypersurfaces (PEHs) of the thymine nucleobase in order to rationalize its main ultrafast photochemical decay paths by employing two methodologies based on the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and the complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) methods: (i) CASSCF optimized structures and energies corrected with the CASPT2 method at the CASSCF geometries and (ii) CASPT2 optimized geometries and energies. A direct comparison between these strategies is drawn, yielding qualitatively similar results within a static framework. A number of analyses are performed to assess the accuracy of these different computational strategies under study based on a variety of numerical thresholds and optimization methods. Several basis sets and active spaces have also been calibrated to understand to what extent they can influence the resulting geometries and subsequent interpretation of the photochemical decay channels. The study shows small discrepancies between CASSCF and CASPT2 PEHs, displaying a shallow planar or twisted ¹(ππ*) minimum, respectively, and thus featuring a qualitatively similar scenario for supporting the ultrafast bi-exponential deactivation registered in thymine upon UV-light exposure. A deeper knowledge of the PEHs at different levels of theory provides useful insight into its correct characterization and subsequent interpretation of the experimental observations. The discrepancies displayed by the different methods studied here are then discussed and framed within their potential consequences in on-the-fly non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, where qualitatively diverse outcomes are expected.

Excitation of nucleobases from a computational perspective I: reaction paths.

The main intrinsic photochemical events in nucleobases can be described on theoretical grounds within the realm of non-adiabatic computational photochemistry. From a static standpoint, the photochemical reaction path approach (PRPA), through the computation of the respective minimum energy path (MEP), can be regarded as the most suitable strategy in order to explore the electronically excited isolated nucleobases. Unfortunately, the PRPA does not appear widely in the studies reported in the last decade. The main ultrafast decay observed experimentally for the gas-phase excited nucleobases is related to the computed barrierless MEPs from the bright excited state connecting the initial Franck-Condon region and a conical intersection involving the ground state. At the highest level of theory currently available (CASPT2//CASPT2), the lowest excited (1)(ππ*) hypersurface for cytosine has a shallow minimum along the MEP deactivation pathway. In any case, the internal conversion processes in all the natural nucleobases are attained by means of interstate crossings, a self-protection mechanism that prevents the occurrence of photoinduced damage of nucleobases by ultraviolet radiation. Many alternative and secondary paths have been proposed in the literature, which ultimately provide a rich and constructive interplay between experimentally and theoretically oriented research.

Complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2//CASSCF) study of the dissociative electron attachment in canonical DNA nucleobases caused by low-energy electrons (0-3 eV).

Low-energy (0-3 eV) ballistic electrons originated during the irradiation of biological material can interact with DNA/RNA nucleobases yielding transient-anion species which undergo decompositions. Since the discovery that these reactions can eventually lead to strand breaking of the DNA chains, great efforts have been dedicated to their study. The main fragmentation at the 0-3 eV energy range is the ejection of a hydrogen atom from the specific nitrogen positions. In the present study, the methodological approach introduced in a previous work on uracil [I. González-Ramírez et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 8, 2769-2776 (2012)] is employed to study the DNA canonical nucleobases fragmentations of N-H bonds induced by low-energy electrons. The approach is based on minimum energy path and linear interpolation of internal coordinates computations along the N-H dissociation channels carried out at the complete-active-space self-consistent field//complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory level. On the basis of the calculated theoretical quantities, new assignations for the adenine and cytosine anion yield curves are provided. In addition, the π1 (-) and π2 (-) states of the pyrimidine nucleobases are expected to produce the temporary anions at electron energies close to 1 and 2 eV, respectively. Finally, the present theoretical results do not allow to discard neither the dipole-bound nor the valence-bound mechanisms in the range of energies explored, suggesting that both possibilities may coexist in the experiments carried out with the isolated nucleobases.

Modeling the high-energy electronic state manifold of adenine: Calibration for nonlinear electronic spectroscopy.

Pump-probe electronic spectroscopy using femtosecond laser pulses has evolved into a standard tool for tracking ultrafast excited state dynamics. Its two-dimensional (2D) counterpart is becoming an increasingly available and promising technique for resolving many of the limitations of pump-probe caused by spectral congestion. The ability to simulate pump-probe and 2D spectra from ab initio computations would allow one to link mechanistic observables like molecular motions and the making/breaking of chemical bonds to experimental observables like excited state lifetimes and quantum yields. From a theoretical standpoint, the characterization of the electronic transitions in the visible (Vis)/ultraviolet (UV), which are excited via the interaction of a molecular system with the incoming pump/probe pulses, translates into the determination of a computationally challenging number of excited states (going over 100) even for small/medium sized systems. A protocol is therefore required to evaluate the fluctuations of spectral properties like transition energies and dipole moments as a function of the computational parameters and to estimate the effect of these fluctuations on the transient spectral appearance. In the present contribution such a protocol is presented within the framework of complete and restricted active space self-consistent field theory and its second-order perturbation theory extensions. The electronic excited states of adenine have been carefully characterized through a previously presented computational recipe [Nenov et al., Comput. Theor. Chem. 1040-1041, 295-303 (2014)]. A wise reduction of the level of theory has then been performed in order to obtain a computationally less demanding approach that is still able to reproduce the characteristic features of the reference data. Foreseeing the potentiality of 2D electronic spectroscopy to track polynucleotide ground and excited state dynamics, and in particular its expected ability to provide conformational dependent fingerprints in dimeric systems, the performances of the selected reduced level of calculations have been tested in the construction of 2D electronic spectra for the in vacuo adenine monomer and the unstacked adenine homodimer, thereby exciting the Lb/La transitions with the pump pulse pair and probing in the Vis to near ultraviolet spectral window.