Clinicopathological and ultrastructural study of African swine fever outbreak in North-East India.

The present investigation focuses on examining the clinical, histopathological, and ultrastructural changes that occurred in pig, during an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in 2022 in Assam, India. The disease initially manifested as a per-acute case with high mortality but without any evident clinical signs. Subsequently, some animals exhibited an acute form of the disease characterized by high fever (104-106 °F), anorexia, vomiting, respiratory distress, and bleeding from the anal and nasal orifices. During acute African swine fever virus (ASFV) infections, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10 were detected in the palatine tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, and kidney using qPCR assay. These molecular changes were associated with haemorrhages, edemas, and lymphoid depletion. Postmortem examinations revealed prominent features such as splenomegaly with haemorrhages, haemorrhagic lymphadenitis, severe petechial haemorrhage in the kidney, pneumonia in the lungs, and necrotic palatine tonsil. Histopathological analysis demonstrated lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs, multi-organ haemorrhages, and interstitial pneumonia in the lungs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further confirmed lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs through lymphocyte apoptosis and kidney damage with distorted tubules due to red blood cell destruction. Transmission electron microscopy reaffirmed lymphocyte apoptosis by observing chromatin condensation and nucleus margination in lymphocytes of lymphoid organs. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the clinical, histopathological, and ultrastructural aspects of ASF outbreak in pigs. Understanding the pathological changes associated with ASF can contribute to improved diagnosis, prevention, and control measures for this highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease.

Comparative CpG methylation kinetic patterns of cis-regulatory regions of heat stress-related genes in Sahiwal and Frieswal cattle upon persistent heat stress.

The kinetic patterns of CpG methylation of the cis-regulatory region of heat stress-related genes on exposed to heat stress (at 42 °C) between the Sahiwal and Frieswal cattle was compared in the present study. Using an in vitro whole blood culture model, cells were continuously exposed to heat stress (at 42 °C) for 6 h. Methylation levels of five genes, viz., GPX1, HSP70, HSP90, c-FOS, and JUN were estimated by SyberGreen-based quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) assay. CpG methylation kinetics at different time points of heat stress (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 h) were analyzed using mixed ANOVA. The initial methylation level, estimated at 37 °C, of HSP70 was significantly high in the Sahiwal breed. A significant (p<0.001) time-dependent hypomethylation of an antioxidant gene (GPX1) CpG islands was detected at the acute phase of the stress. Heat shock protein gene (HSP70) showed a similar CpG methylation kinetics where the hypomethylation was prominent from 1 h and persisted up to 4 h. The heat stress responses of both Sahiwal and Frieswal cattle were identical as there was no distinctiveness in the methylation kinetics of CpG islands of studied genes. The acclimatization of Frieswal cattle-a breed developed in India over the years to the tropical climatic conditions, maybe one of the reasons for this similarity. Thus, the present study results could pave a path to understand the molecular mechanism of heat stress and adaptation of indigenous and crossbred cattle populations to the changing scenario in tropical climate conditions.

Development of a RAPD marker-based classification criterion for quality semen production in Holstein crossbred bulls.

In cattle production systems, an intense selection pressure for production traits has resulted in the decline of fertility traits. To optimize an efficient reproduction system, the inclusion of both male and female fertility traits in the selection process is very much essential. RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) was developed as a molecular biology tool and has been extensively used, to study intra- and interspecific genetic diversity. The present study was undertaken to utilize RAPD primers to investigate the association between DNA markers and semen quality traits viz. Sperm concentration, total sperm count ejaculate and initial sperm motility and thereby to identify good/poor semen producers. DNA isolated from the blood samples of healthy bulls was subjected to RAPD-PCR. The multiple regression analysis followed by independent t test was carried out to identify suitable markers. Based on the results, only 12 bands were identified as marker suitable for any of the quality trait. This includes, OPA2 ~ 760, OPA2 ~ 700, OPA6 ~ 1,200, OPA9 ~ 400, OPA9 ~ 380, OPA12 ~ 970, OPA14 ~ 715, OPA14 ~ 605, OPA16 ~ 485, OPA17 ~ 860 and OPA18 ~ 480. Multiple regression analysis selected, OPA2 ~ 760 and OPA2 ~ 1,750 for sperm concentration and OPA2 ~ 760, OPA2 ~ 700, OPA9 ~ 620, OPA4 ~ 670 and OPA18 ~ 1,015 for total sperm count/ejaculate. But the t test revealed a significant association between OPA2 ~ 760 and total sperm count. Further, discriminant function analysis also identified this marker in the first step itself. The results of the present study can be exploited as a low-cost alternative strategy for identification of good /poor semen producers in crossbred bulls at an early age.

Effect of heat stress on superoxide anion production in native and crossbred cattle under in vitro whole blood culture model.

Impact of global warming on the dairy industry has gained attention due to huge economic losses through low production and fertility caused by heat stress. Exposure to hyperthermia provokes a series of complex responses in mammals which are been related to morphological and physiological alterations including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A quantitative spectrophotometric based nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay was used to estimate the superoxide anion (•O2-) level in heat stressed (at 42 °C) whole blood cultures of native and crossbred bulls (Sahiwal and Frieswal), in vitro. The breed effect in the kinetics of •O2- production at different time periods of continual heat stress was analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Comparison between different time periods in reference to 37 °C was analyzed by paired t-test. The •O2- level was significantly different (p < 0.05) between cells at 37 °C and 42 °C at different periods of incubation. Kinetics study showed increment of •O2- production on the acute phase of stress followed by a reduction in both Sahiwal and Frieswal breeds. In Sahiwal breed, the inflated superoxide level continued abated till 4 h and raised again at 6 h, while in Frieswal •O2- level reverted to raise sooner with in 2 h of incubation itself. Contrarily, kinetic of •O2- level in plasma showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) at 30 min of 42 °C incubation followed by increment of •O2- level. Further, the breed variation was significant (p < 0.05) and a significant high reduction of •O2- level was observed in Sahiwal breed. Our finding indicates that, a better and longer •O2- production homeostasis and higher plasma scavenging ability of native breed may be one of the reasons for the higher thermal tolerance of these breeds in tropical climate.

T-ARMS PCR genotyping of SNP rs445709131 using thermostable strand displacement polymerase.

OBJECTIVES: In a recent publication, we reported the successful use of tetra primer-amplification refractory mutation system based polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) for genotyping of rs445709131-SNP responsible for the bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) in cattle. The SNP is characterized by higher GC content of the surrounding region, hence, the previous protocol utilized dimethyl sulfoxide as PCR enhancer. Here, the reaction cocktail was modified with the use of thermostable strand displacement polymerase (SD polymerase) instead of commonly used Taq DNA Polymerase. The amplification efficiency, reaction sensitivity, specificity, and need of PCR enhancer in reactions containing SD polymerase and Taq polymerase were compared. RESULTS: T-ARMS-PCR assay is influenced by multiple factors for the correct genotyping necessitating extensive optimization at the initial stages. The described modification enabled generation of all amplicons by 25 cycles whereas the assay with Taq polymerase needed a minimum of 35 cycles. The modified assay amplified all amplicons at a wider range of annealing temperature (50-60 °C), without the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide. The replacement of Taq polymerase with SD polymerase may be beneficial in the T-ARMS assay for development of user-friendly, faster assay which is less affected by the reaction and cyclic conditions.

Development of a fast and economical genotyping protocol for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) in cattle.

Fast and economical means of assaying SNP's are important in diagnostic assays, especially when a large number of animals have to be screened for a genetic disease. This study was aimed at the development of a fast and economical screening assay for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) which is an important genetic disease of cattle industry. Four primers were designed where the outer primers amplify a 354 bp amplicon of CD18 gene carrying the polymorphism responsible for BLAD. The specifically designed inner primers in conjunction with the modified reaction mixture and cyclic conditions ensured amplification of either of wild or mutated alleles. Together with outer primers, the inner primers generated typical banding pattern in agarose gel which discriminated the normal animal against the carrier. We successfully used this protocol in 200 bulls for genotyping the BLAD allele which confirmed by sequencing, showing a cent percentage concordance. With the developed assay the need for restriction digestion or use of costly equipment viz. real time PCR was eliminated. This genotyping assay ensured fast and economical genotyping and could be adopted in every laboratory with a minimum equipment requirement of thermocycler and gel documentation system.

Molecular markers, BM1500 and UMN2008, are associated with post-thaw motility of bull sperm.

Cryopreservation is one of the most important aspects of frozen semen technology and livestock breeding. Uses of candidate molecular markers in selection strategies for male fertility are well recognized. The present investigation targeted two microsatellite markers (BM1500 and UMN 2008) for association with semen quality variables and freezing capacity in Frieswal (HF×Sahiwal) crossbred bulls of Indian origin. Of the different alleles at the polymorphic locus BM1500, the 136bp allele was associated with greater (P<0.05) post-thaw motility percentage (PTM) while the 134 allele was associated with less (P<0.05) PTM. The 134/134 genotype at the polymorphic locus, UMN2008 was associated with greater (P<0.05) post-thaw motility while there was no allele effect on PTM. When combined genotypes UMN2008/BM1500 were analyzed, the 134/134-136/136genotype had the greatest (P<0.05) association with PTM. The present study is an initial report on the potential use of these markers as male reproductive biomarkers for improving semen freezing capacity in bulls.