Conceptual basis for an integrated system for the management of a protected area. Examples from its application in a mediterranean area.

Improving the efficiency of management in protected areas is imperative in a generalized context of limited conservation budgets. However, this is overlooked due to flaws in problem definition, general disregard for cost information, and a lack of suitable tools for measuring costs and management quality. This study describes an innovative methodological framework, implemented in the web application SIGEIN, focused on maximizing the quality of management against its costs, establishing an explicit justification for any decision. The tool integrates, with this aim, a procedure for prioritizing management objects according to a conservation value, modified by a functional criterion; a project management module; and a module for management of continuous assessment. This appraisal associates the relevance of the conservation targets, the efficacy of the methods employed, both resource and personnel investments, and the resulting costs. Preliminary results of a prototypical SIGEIN application on the Site of Community Importance Chafarinas Islands are included.

The impact of time from biopsy to radical prostatectomy on Gleason score undergrading and other related factors. / Impacto del tiempo desde la biopsia a la prostatectomía radical en la infragradación del grado de Gleason y análisis de factores relacionados.

INTRODUCTION: Gleason score biopsy undergrading (GSBU) can have an impact on the management and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. We analyze the possible impact of time and other clinical and analytical factors in the appearance of GSBU in our series. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Ambispective, multicenter study of 1955 patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy between 2005 and 2018. Descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing are reported by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Mean age 63.69 (44-80) years, median PSA 8.70 ng / ml (1.23-99). GSBU was observed in 34.7% of the entire cohort. In 72.8% of the cases, the GSBU occurred in one consecutive Gleason score, with the progression from 3 + 3 to 3 + 4 being the most frequent (289 patients, 47.6%). Performing radical prostatectomy 90-180 days before or after the biopsy does not have an impact on its undergrading in any of the groups. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, the presence of tumor or pathological rectal examination in both lobes, the tumor load ≥50% of cylinders and a DPSA ≥0.20, showed independent discriminative capacity to select patients who presented GSBU. CONCLUSIONS: The time from biopsy to radical prostatectomy did not show impact on GSBU. The number of affected cylinders, bilateral tumor and DPSA are easily accessible parameters that can help us select patients with greater probability of presenting GSBU.

Actual incidence of prostate cancer in healthcare areas of the autonomous community of Castilla-Leon during 2014. CAPCYL registry data. / Incidencia real de cáncer de próstata en las áreas sanitarias de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León durante el año 2014. Datos del registro CAPCYL.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the actual incidence of prostate cancer (PC) in the healthcare areas of Castilla-Leon in 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre study was conducted with the participation of 7 of the 9 healthcare areas of Castilla-Leon. We collected retrospective data that included 87.8% of the target population (men diagnosed with PC with histopathological confirmation in 2014). We calculated the raw and age-adjusted incidence rates based on the direct method and consulted the community and national epidemiological data in the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1198 new cases of PC were diagnosed, with a raw incidence rate in the community of 109.54 cases per 100,000 men. The adjusted rates for the Spanish and European populations were 115.41 and 110.07, respectively. The age group with the highest diagnostic concentration was the 60-70-year group, with 41.97% of the diagnoses. The group with the highest incidence was the 70-80-year group, with 438.87 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. There were differences in the raw and age-adjusted incidence rates and in the age at diagnosis among the various included healthcare areas. CONCLUSIONS: The community raw incidence rate was higher than most existing data. We observed significant differences among the various geographical areas, which could be explained mainly by the age distribution and the opportunistic screening policies for each area.

[Evoked potentials in a population of children below 1,500 grams at birth: a description and probabilities]. / Potenciales evocados en una población de niños menores de 1.500 gramos: descripción y probabilidades.

INTRODUCTION: Bioelectrical behaviour was studied in a group of low birth weight children. AIM: To evaluate whether the characteristics of the waves of the brain potentials in these children, who weighed less than 1500 g at birth and experienced anomalous circumstances and events during their perinatal period, would help reach an early diagnosis of the possible developmental disorders they might suffer later on in life. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Both visual and auditory cerebral evoked potentials were recorded in a group of children born underweight and the results were compared with the findings from another group of healthy children who were born in normal physiological conditions and were apparently free of any kind of pathology. RESULTS: In the waves and locations that were examined, the problem group displayed latencies that were longer than those of the control group; in contrast, no statistically significant differences were found in the amplitude, regardless of the location. Low gestational age and lower weight made latencies longer, but no relationship was found between latencies and the other perinatal features that were studied. CONCLUSIONS: Children with low weight at birth have slower wave latencies than normal children. This slowing, which is inversely proportional to the weight and weeks of gestation, is considered to be an anomalous sign that could be related to brain immaturity, delayed development or to disorders affecting myelination. Moreover, the amplitude, which has received far less attention from researchers, is usually shorter in these processes, although in our study we found no differences with the group of healthy children--only very slightly in the P300, in the weeks and the weight, and the N100 only in one location with respect to weight. Since these children usually have developmental disorders, the use of evoked potentials could be a very useful tool in their detection and ensuing therapy.

Aneurysm of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve secondary to aortic valve endocarditis.

Aneurysm of the anterior mitral leaflet is a rare complication of infective aortic valve endocarditis, the natural evolution of which is generally its rupture, with subsequent acute and severe mitral regurgitation. Its presence cannot be recognized with transthoracic echocardiography and even in surgery. We describe a 78-year-old man with aortic valve endocarditis, in whom transesophageal echocardiography was essential for the diagnosis of this complication, its therapeutic management, and the postoperative follow-up after simple valve repair. In addition, the most appropriate surgical approach is discussed.

Endothelial changes in phakic eyes with anterior chamber intraocular lenses to correct high myopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term endothelial cell loss after implantation of Worst-Fechner and Baikoff ZB5M anterior chamber intraocular lenses. SETTING: Jiménez-Díaz Foundation and San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Preoperative and serial postoperative specular microscopy was performed on 30 eyes that had a Worst-Fechner lens and on 28 eyes that had a Baikoff ZB5M lens to correct high myopia. A video specular microscope adapted to an image analysis system was used to analyze the endothelium for cell density. Follow-up was 24 months. RESULTS: In the Worst-Fechner lens group, postoperative endothelial cell density was significantly lower than preoperative density at all times (P < .001). Endothelial cell loss was 7.26% at 3 months, 10.64% at 6 months, 13.00% at 12 months, and 17.60% at 24 months. In the Baikoff ZB5M lens group, postoperative cell density was also significantly lower than preoperative density at all times (P < .001). It was 7.50% at 3 months, 10.94% at 6 months, 12.33% at 12 months, and 12.30% at 24 months. Cell loss did not stabilize between 1 and 2 years after surgery in the Worst-Fechner group (P = .047). However, no additional cell loss was noted during this period in the Baikoff ZB5M group (P = .968). Endothelial cell densities in the two groups did not differ during the first year. However, 2 years after surgery, cell density in the Worst-Fechner group was significantly lower than it was in the ZB5M group (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial cell loss during the first year was similar in eyes with Worst-Fechner and Baikoff ZB5M lenses; however, at 2 years after surgery, endothelial cell loss was higher in eyes with Worst-Fechner lenses than it was in eyes with Baikoff ZB5M lenses.

Ischemic optic neuropathy after intraocular lens implantation to correct high myopia in a phakic patient.

A 33-year-old patient had uncomplicated anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation (Worst-Fechner biconcave myopia lens) to correct high myopia. Immediately after surgery, she developed anterior ischemic optic neuropathy likely associated with increased intraocular pressure and systemic hypotension. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation to correct high myopia in a phakic eye.

Chronic subclinical inflammation in phakic eyes with intraocular lenses to correct myopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether either of two anterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) implanted in myopic, phakic eyes induced an inflammatory response that was measurable with a laser flare-cell meter but that could not be measured by other methods. SETTING: Jiménez-Díaz Foundation and San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Thirty eyes with a Worst-Fechner IOL and 30 eyes with a Baikoff ZB5M IOL were evaluated using the flare mode of a laser flare-cell meter. Patients in each group were divided into three subgroups of 10 eyes each according to when the postoperative flare measurements were done: 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months. Thirteen phakic eyes with myopia greater than -6.00 diopters were used as controls. RESULTS: Postoperative flare in the Worst-Fechner group was 27.05 +/- 19 photons per millisecond (photons/ms) (mean +/- SD) at 12 months, 18.09 +/- 17.38 photons/ms at 18 months, and 31.03 +/- 28.8 photons/ms at 24 months. Postoperative flare in the Baikoff group was 21.1 +/- 5.9 photons/ms at 12 months, 16.13 +/- 8.3 photons/ms at 18 months, and 21.05 +/- 23.5 photons/ms at 24 months. Flare in the control group was 4.24 +/- 2.8 photons/ms. Postoperative flare values were significantly higher in both IOL groups than in the control group at all follow-ups (Mann-Whitney test, P < .05). Postoperative flare values in the Worst-Fechner group were higher than in the Baikoff group at 12, 18, and 24 months, although the difference was not significant (Mann-Whitney test, P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows chronic subclinical inflammation between 1 and 2 years after implantation of both IOL types.

Responses of the trunk routes of a harvester ant to plant density.

Messor barbarus is a Mediterranean harvester ant that constructs physically defined trunk routes on the ground to connect nest entrances with foraging areas. Some responses of these trunk routes to plant density (and therefore resource abundance) were analyzed by testing the preferential allocation of different parts (trunk route ends, segments and branching points) in a patchy environment. Maps of grass density in four categories and Messor barbarus trunk routes were compiled for a Mediterranean pasture in Central Spain over four consecutive years. The proportions of the density categories in each year were used to calculate random expected frequencies of the trunk route points and the predominance of higher or lower grass densities. Trunk route ends discriminate and selectively reach patches with a greater abundance of resources in all study years. Branching points are also allocated preferentially in areas with higher vegetation density, but only in years with a predominance of the higher categories of grass density. In these years, the colonies of Messor barbarus have a "phalanx" strategy at a colonial level, and branching is more profuse. Finally, trunk route segments do not indicate any preference for crossing determined vegetation densities, but rather connect successive branching points or trunk route ends by the shortest route. These results concur with a model of structural strategy change ("guerilla" - "phalanx") (Hutchings 1988) at the level of trunk routes. They are probably constituted by "transitory" sections with few branches, that expand other more profusely branched sections which are more dedicated to foraging.

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline after intramuscular administration with lidocaine in sheep, comparison with a conventional formulation.

The pharmacokinetic behaviour of oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied in 11 sheep after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a single dosage of 20 mg kg(-1) bodyweight. A conventional formulation was injected by the intravenous route and two different preparations were administered by the intramuscular route: a conventional formulation (T-100) and an aqueous solution of OTC with lidocaine (1 per cent) (OTC-L). The objective was to determine whether there are differences between both formulations in the disposition kinetics of OTC after intramuscular administration to sheep. After intravenous administration of the conventional formulation, plasma oxytetracycline concentrations were best fitted to an open two-compartment model. Mean apparent volume of distribution was 0.77+/-0.02 litre kg(-1) and the harmonic mean half-life was three hours. The OTC transfer process between central and peripheral compartments was fast and that did not influence the elimination process. After intramuscular administrations of both formulations, half-lives were longer than after intravenous administration (mean values of 14.1 and 58.2 hours for T-100 and OTC-L respectively). In both cases, a biphasic absorption, a 'flip-flop' model and a complete bioavailability were found. OTC-L provided therapeutic plasma concentrations over 0.5 microg ml(-1) (the minimum inhibitory concentration for most susceptible pathogens) for a longer period of time than T-100 (72 hours compared with 36 or 48 hours).

Heat shock, mass-dependent germination, and seed yield as related components of fitness in Cistus ladanifer.

The different weight-number strategies of seed production displayed by individuals of a Mediterranean fire-prone plant species (Cistus ladanifer) were investigated in relation to seed germination responses to pre-germination heating. A control (no heating), a high temperature during a short exposure time (100 degrees C during 5 min) and a high temperature during a long exposure time (100 degrees C during 15 min) were applied to seeds from different individual plants with different mean seed weight. These pre-germination treatments resemble natural germination scenarios for the studied species, absence of fire, typical Mediterranean shrub fire, and severe fire with high fuel load. Seed germination was related to heat treatments and seed mass. Seed heating increased the proportion of seeds germinating compared with the control treatment. Mean seed weight was positively correlated to the proportion of germinated seeds but only within heat treatments. These results suggest that in periods without fire, the relative contributions to the population dynamics are equal for all seeds, regardless of their mass, whereas heavier seeds would be the main contribution after wildfire events. Since lighter seeds can be produced in higher quantities than heavier ones within a given fruit, the number of seedlings produced per fruit depended strongly on the germination conditions. In the absence of wildfire, fruits producing lighter seeds gave rise to more seedlings; nevertheless, they were numerically exceeded by those producing heavy seeds after a wildfire. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to their consequences on the population dynamics of this species, considering also additional information on stand flammability and changes in seed mass with plant age.

An epizootic of lead poisoning in greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) in Spain.

During November 1992 to March 1993, and November 1993 to February 1994, 106 greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) were collected dead or moribund in the wetlands of El Fondo and Salinas de Santa Pola, eastern Spain. Birds still alive were emaciated and had a bile-stained diarrhea. On necropsy, they had liquid in the upper digestive tract and the walls of their gizzards were stained dark green. Fifty-three (93%) of 57 gizzards examined contained lead shot (range one to 277 shot), and fifty-five (96%) of 57 livers contained levels of lead greater than 5 micrograms/g dry weight (DW) (median = 192.3 micrograms/g DW, range < 2.5 to 992.2 micrograms/g DW).

[Factors related to the appearance of peripheral vascular complications after taneous cardiovascular interventions]. / Factores relacionados con la aparición de complicaciones vasculares periféricas tras procedimientos intervencionistas cardiovasculares percutáneos.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization procedures carries some risks, most of them related to the appearance of peripheral vascular complications. These complications imply additional treatments for the patient including vascular surgery, longer hospital stays and increased costs. Some clinical and procedural variables have been pointed out as independent predictors of appearance of vascular complications. Nevertheless, no information have been reported concerning to the influence of the experience of the cardiologist who performs the procedure or provides the local hemostasia and the rate of vascular complications. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the type and incidence of peripheral vascular complications in patients undergoing a percutaneous cardiac procedure, to identify the predictors and to determine the influence of the professional experience and the complexity of the technique in the complications rate. METHODS AND RESULTS: Within 1-year (1994 to 1995) period, 1,008 consecutive patients undergoing a percutaneous cardiovascular procedure (750 diagnostic and 258 therapeutic) were prospectively included. Seventy percent were male. Mean age was 63 +/- 2 years. A total of 55 vascular complications were demonstrated (5.6%): 36 (3.6%) hematomas, 14 (1.4%) pseudoaneurysms, 2 (0.2%) arteriovenous fistula, 2 (0.2%) episodes of limb ischemia and 1 (0.1%) retroperitoneal hematoma. Only 28 (2.8%) were severe complications. By multivariate analysis, only experience to perform hemostasis (OR: 3.36; 95% CI: 1.37-8.22), previous treatment with aspirin (OR: 2.69; 95% IC: 1.31-5.52), left femoral artery puncture (OR: 2.53; 95% IC: 1-1.02), sheath removal later than 60 minutes (OR: 1.02; 95% IC: 1.01-1.04) and hemostasis which lasted > 30 minutes (OR: 1.01; 95% IC: 1-1.02), were independent predictors of vascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular complications rate after percutaneous cardiovascular procedures was low. Most of them associated to procedural variables and potentially avoidable, with promotion of a well planned policy of training in order to modify the factors involved.

[Right ventricular myxoma. A rare case of pulmonary stenosis]. / Mixoma ventricular derecho. Un caso raro de estenosis pulmonar.

We discuss a case of a fourteen year old girl in whom, clinical signs of right ventricular outflow obstruction were discovered following a syncopal attack. A right ventricular tumor was observed by echocardiography. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of myxoma.

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in goats.

The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of an amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination (20 mg/kg of sodium amoxicillin and 5 mg/kg of potassium clavulanate) were studied in six goats. After intravenous administration the pharmacokinetics of both drugs could be described by an open two-compartment model. Amoxicillin had a greater distribution volume (0.19 +/- 0.01 l/kg) than clavulanic acid (0.15 +/- 0.01 l/kg), whereas the distribution and elimination constants were higher for the latter, which was eliminated more quickly than amoxicillin. After oral administration of both drugs their pharmacokinetic behaviour was best described by an open one-compartment model with first-order absorption. Elimination half-lives were twice as long after oral (2.15 +/- 0.20 h and 1.94 +/- 0.16 h for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid respectively) than after intravenous administration (1.20 +/- 0.16 h and 0.86 +/- 0.09, respectively). An apparent 'flip-flop' situation was evident in this study. Bioavailability was 27% for amoxicillin and 50% for clavulanic acid.

Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in goats: modifications induced by a long-acting formulation.

The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline were studied in goats, after the intravenous and intramuscular injection of a conventional and long-acting formulation. The antibiotic was distributed according to an open two-compartment model. The apparent volume of distribution (Vz) and the central compartment volume (Vc) were 1.443 litres/kg and 0.453 litre/kg, respectively, and the total body clearance was 0.156 litre/kg/hour. The mean half-lives (T1/2 lambda z) of the conventional formulation after intravenous and intramuscular administration were six hours 28 minutes and 10 hours 38 minutes, respectively, whereas the long-acting formulation had half-lives of six hours 36 seconds and 29 hours, respectively, after intravenous and intramuscular injection. From the results of these single administrations two intramuscular dosage regimens can be proposed that achieve minimum concentrations of over 0.5 mg/litre (the minimum inhibitory concentration for most susceptible pathogens): with the conventional formulation by administering an initial dose of 10 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 8.5 mg/kg every 24 hours, and with the long-acting formulation by administering an initial dose of 20 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 14 mg/kg every 48 hours.

Associated EMG responses to voluntary hand movement in probable Alzheimer's disease.

The goal of this work is to dilucidate the mechanism that yields the associated EMG responses in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Seventeen subjects fulfilling this criteria and ten normal subjects as a control group were selected. They were asked to perform an oddball task in which they had to discriminate between two kinds of stimuli and produce a response to one of them. Results show that reaction times in controls and in patients when there is no associated EMG are equal in latency. When the associated EMG response occurs in the pathological group reaction time is significantly increased. Furthermore, the associated EMG response is delayed in 55 milliseconds when compared to the voluntary movement. Although these results may reflect some controversy, we interpret this finding as a contralateral inhibitory deficit associated to the corpus callosum abnormalities that occur in the evolving course of Alzheimer's disease.

Pharmacokinetics and residues in milk of oxytetracyclines administered parenterally to dairy goats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine for two commercial preparations of oxytetracycline (OTC) the pharmacokinetic behaviour, the presence of detectable milk residues and the penetration in milk of OTC administered by intravenous (IV) (conventional formulation [CF]) and intramuscular (IM) routes (CF and long-acting [LA] formulations) in goats producing milk. The effects of these formulations on plasma activity values of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also determined as indicators of tissue damage. PROCEDURE: Five healthy lactating goats producing 1.5+/-0.5 L/d milk and weighing 56.0+/-4.8 kg were used. Single doses of OTC chlorhydrate (CF) were administered (20 mg OTC/kg) by IV (Trial 1 IV) and IM (Trial 1 IM) routes and OTC dehydrate (LA) by the IM route. The same goats were first given IV CF, then IM CF followed by IM LA with 3 weeks between each treatment. Blood and milk samples were taken. The quantification of OTC was performed by HPLC and the plasma activities of CK and LDH enzymes were determined by spectrophotometry. The presence of OTC residues in milk was determined by a commercial reagent. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment model. RESULTS: Estimates of kinetic variables following IV administration were: Vss= 400.0+/-120.0 mL/kg and CL= 110.0+/-14.0 (mL/h)/kg. The t(fi) for IV= 3.0+/-0.3 h; IM, CF = 10.5+/-2.1 h and IM, LA = 15.1+/-3.1 h. The concentration of OTC in milk at 48 h was: IV= 0.6+/-0.4; IM CF= 1.1+/-0.2 and at 72 h (IM LA)= 0.6+/-0.1 microg/mL and the penetration in milk of OTC was: IV= 70.0+/-18.0; IM CF= 79.0+/-14.0 and IM LA= 66.0+/-6.0%. The areas under the curve of CK and LDH activities in plasma were calculated by the trapezoidal method. Values of CK and LDH IM, LA were greater (P < 0.05) than those observed for IM, CF at 2 and 3 days after administration of the antibiotic. Finally, the bioavailability of OTC CF = 92.0+/-22.0 and LA= 78.0+/-23.0% was suitable for its usage by the IM route in lactating goats. CONCLUSION: Plasma concentration-time values of OTC administered parenterally in production dairy goats showed similar bioavailability for the two pharmaceutical preaprations. The presence of detectable residues in milk indicates that milk should not be used for human consumption for 2 and 3 days after administration of conventional and long-acting formulations, respectively. The increments in CK and LDH activities after the IM administration of LA are consistent with the presence of tissue damage provoked by the pharmaceutical preparations at the injection site.

[Hemispheric dominance for language and functional magnetic resonance: a comparison of three tasks]. / Dominancia hemisférica para el lenguaje y resonancia magnética funcional: comparación de tres tareas.

OBJECTIVE: The object of this study to analyse and compare the efficacy of the classic language tasks (repetition, phonological fluency and lexical decision), for the purpose of identifying the dominant hemisphere for language by means of functional magnetic resonance. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The three tasks were performance with a groups of 10 right handed subjects with ages of 22 to 40 years. The examination was carried out using a 1,5 T MRI apparatus. An eight sequence of planar echo gradient (BOLD technique) was used, making the oblique axial plane coincide with the line between the anterior and posterior commissures (CA CP line) and covering the entire brain. RESULTS: Dominance was calculated by means of the lateralization index, comparing the activation in each hemisphere in two locations: first, taking account the temporal lobe together with the right and left frontal lobes, and second, taking into account only the right and left frontal lobes. CONCLUSION: The result indicate that the most effective test for obtaining the dominant hemisphere was the one for phonological fluency, this task activated the frontal areas, which showed greater participation in the left hemisphere.

[A study of the motor and sensory cortex using functional magnetic resonance: tasks of active and passive movement]. / Estudio de la corteza motora y sensorial mediante resonancia magnética functional: tareas de movimiento activo y pasivo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to locate the rolandic area (pre- and post-central) by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) and define its correspondence on a Talairach map, whilst active and passive movements of the dominant hand were performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers were found, 6 men and 4 women, of an average age of 26 years (range 22-33). Two appropriate tasks were designed: one involving active and one passive movement. The examination was carried out using a 1.5 Tesla (General Electric) MRI apparatus. An echo-sequence of planar echo-gradient (BOLD technique) was used, making sagittal and axial planes, parallel to the AC-PC line (anterior commissure-posterior commissure). Subsequently an anatomofunctional Talairach map was drawn for each subject, to include the information obtained on FMRI. RESULTS: In all subjects central activity was detected in the rolandic area during the tasks involving selected active and passive movements. Overlap was seen between the pre- and post-rolandic areas with both types of tasks. CONCLUSION: There is good correlation between the image obtained of motor-sensory activity in the rolandic zone and the Talairach anatomofunctional map.