Pharmacist care in hospital emergency departments: a consensus paper from the Spanish hospital pharmacy and emergency medicine associations. / Atención farmacéutica en los servicios de urgencias: documento de posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) y la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES).

OBJECTIVES: To draft a list of actions and quality indicators for pharmacist care in hospital emergency departments, based on consensus among a panel of experts regarding which actions to prioritize in this setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A panel of experts from the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) and the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES) evaluated a preliminary list of potential actions and quality of care indicators. The experts used a questionnaire to assess the proposals on the basis of available evidence. In the first round, each expert individually assessed the importance of each proposed action based on 4 dimensions: evidence base, impact on clinical response and patient safety, ease of implementation, and priority. In the second round the experts attended a virtual meeting to reach consensus on a revised list of proposals; suggestions and comments that had been made anonymously in the first round were included. The group then prioritized each action as basic, intermediate, or advanced. RESULTS: The experts evaluated a total of 26 potential actions and associated quality indicators. No items were eliminated in the analysis of scores and comments from the first round. After the second round, 25 actions survived. Nine were considered basic, 10 intermediate, and 6 advanced. CONCLUSION: The expert panel's list of pharmacist actions and care quality indicators provides a basis for developing a pharmacist care program in Spanish emergency departments on 3 levels of priority. The list can serve as a guide to pharmacists, managers, physicians, and nurses involved in the effort to improve drug therapy in this hospital setting.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un conjunto de actividades e indicadores de atención farmacéutica en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios mediante un consenso colectivo de un panel de expertos que permita priorizar las actividades a realizar por los farmacéuticos en estas unidades. METODO: Un comité formado por miembros de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) y de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) evaluó una propuesta inicial de actividades e indicadores potenciales, basados en la evidencia científica disponible, en formato de cuestionario. En una primera ronda, cada uno de los expertos del panel clasificó de forma individual la relevancia de cada una de las actividades propuestas en cuatro dimensiones: evidencia científica, impacto en la respuesta clínica y seguridad para el paciente, facilidad de implementación y grado de prioridad. La segunda ronda se realizó mediante una reunión grupal de forma virtual, a partir del cuestionario modificado de acuerdo con las sugerencias planteadas, así como los comentarios vertidos por los participantes del panel de forma anónima. En esta ronda, cada actividad fue clasificada por consenso como básica, intermedia o avanzada en función del grado de prioridad de implantación considerado por el grupo de expertos. RESULTADOS: Se propusieron un total de 26 potenciales actividades a los expertos, con indicadores asociados. Tras el análisis de las puntuaciones y los comentarios realizados en la primera ronda, no se eliminó ninguna de las actividades propuestas. Tras la segunda ronda, se mantuvieron 25 actividades, de las cuales se puntuaron 9 como actividades básicas, 10 actividades como intermedias y 6 actividades como avanzadas. CONCLUSIONES: El desarrollo del conjunto de actividades e indicadores de atención farmacéutica en urgencias, priorizados por grado de relevancia para la unidad, es la base para el desarrollo de esta cartera de servicios en los hospitales españoles, y sirve como guía tanto para farmacéuticos como para gestores, médicos y enfermeros de la unidad a fin de mejorar la farmacoterapia los pacientes atendidos en los servicios de urgencias.

Biosignature stability in space enables their use for life detection on Mars.

Two rover missions to Mars aim to detect biomolecules as a sign of extinct or extant life with, among other instruments, Raman spectrometers. However, there are many unknowns about the stability of Raman-detectable biomolecules in the martian environment, clouding the interpretation of the results. To quantify Raman-detectable biomolecule stability, we exposed seven biomolecules for 469 days to a simulated martian environment outside the International Space Station. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) strongly changed the Raman spectra signals, but only minor change was observed when samples were shielded from UVR. These findings provide support for Mars mission operations searching for biosignatures in the subsurface. This experiment demonstrates the detectability of biomolecules by Raman spectroscopy in Mars regolith analogs after space exposure and lays the groundwork for a consolidated space-proven database of spectroscopy biosignatures in targeted environments.

Prevalence of adverse drug events in emergency departments. FARM-URG multi-center project.

OBJECTIVE: Adverse drug events are a well-known cause of emergency department admissions. FARM-URG is a project promoted by  the REDFASTER working group of the Spanish Society of Hospital  Pharmacy. Its aim is to evaluate these adverse events through regular  prevalence measurements. The present study shows the results of the first observations. The goal was to determine the prevalence of adverse drug  events with respect to the total number of patients treated in emergency  departments and carry out a description of the different events identified. METHOD: This is a multicenter cross-sectional study carried out in the emergency room of 13 Spanish hospitals. The identification and  registration of patients were obtained from the emergency department  patient census at the time of the first prevalence measurement (16 June  2020). The REDCap® platform was used for patient registration. RESULTS: The 2020 FARM-URG registry, which included 13 hospitals, evaluated 772 patients, of whom 57 (7.4%) consulted for  adverse drug events. Antithrombotic drugs were responsible for most of  these episodes, acenocoumarol being the main drug involved (22.8%).  Nine (15.8%) adverse drug events were caused by inappropriate drug  prescriptions according to the STOPP-START criteria. Nineteen (33.0%)  patients returned to the emergency service within 30 days from discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse drug events are a frequent cause of emergency department visits and are commonly associated with a  significant percentage of re-visits. The FARM-URG project has been created with the purpose of obtaining dynamic and updated information on such  events.

Objetivo: Los acontecimientos adversos por medicamentos son una causa conocida de asistencia a los servicios de urgencias. El objetivo del  proyecto FARM-URG, impulsado por el Grupo de Trabajo REDFASTER de la  Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria, es evaluar estos  acontecimientos adversos mediante cortes periódicos. En este estudio se  muestran los resultados del primer registro. Sus objetivos fueron  determinar la prevalencia de acontecimientos adversos respecto al total de pacientes atendidos y caracterizarlos.Método: Estudio multicéntrico transversal realizado en los servicios de urgencias de hospitales españoles. La identificación y registro de  pacientes se obtuvo a partir del censo de pacientes atendidos en urgencias en el momento del corte (16 de junio de 2020). Se revisaron las historias  clínicas retrospectivamente y se registraron los datos en la plataforma  REDCap®.Resultados: En este corte FARM-URG de 2020 participaron 13 hospitales, que evaluaron 772 pacientes, de los cuales 57 (7,4%) habían consultado por un acontecimiento adverso por medicamentos. El grupo de  fármacos antitrombóticos fue responsable de la mayor parte de estos  episodios, siendo acenocumarol (22,8%) el principal fármaco implicado.  Nueve (15,8%) de los acontecimientos adversos fueron causados por  fármacos con prescripción inapropiada según los criterios STOPP-START.  Diecinueve (33,0%) pacientes volvieron a visitar el servicio de urgencias  antes de los 30 días del alta.Conclusiones: Los acontecimientos adversos por medicamentos son un motivo frecuente de visita a los servicios de urgencias y están  asociados a un importante porcentaje de visitas posteriores tras el alta. El  proyecto FARM-URG nace con el propósito de obtener información  periódicamente para la posible implementación de medidas preventivas.

Response of Methanogenic Archaea from Siberian Permafrost and Non-permafrost Environments to Simulated Mars-like Desiccation and the Presence of Perchlorate.

Numerous preflight investigations were necessary prior to the exposure experiment BIOMEX on the International Space Station to test the basic potential of selected microorganisms to resist or even to be active under Mars-like conditions. In this study, methanogenic archaea, which are anaerobic chemolithotrophic microorganisms whose lifestyle would allow metabolism under the conditions on early and recent Mars, were analyzed. Some strains from Siberian permafrost environments have shown a particular resistance. In this investigation, we analyzed the response of three permafrost strains (Methanosarcina soligelidi SMA-21, Candidatus Methanosarcina SMA-17, Candidatus Methanobacterium SMA-27) and two related strains from non-permafrost environments (Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina barkeri) to desiccation conditions (-80°C for 315 days, martian regolith analog simulants S-MRS and P-MRS, a 128-day period of simulated Mars-like atmosphere). Exposure of the different methanogenic strains to increasing concentrations of magnesium perchlorate allowed for the study of their metabolic shutdown in a Mars-relevant perchlorate environment. Survival and metabolic recovery were analyzed by quantitative PCR, gas chromatography, and a new DNA-extraction method from viable cells embedded in S-MRS and P-MRS. All strains survived the two Mars-like desiccating scenarios and recovered to different extents. The permafrost strain SMA-27 showed an increased methanogenic activity by at least 10-fold after deep-freezing conditions. The methanogenic rates of all strains did not decrease significantly after 128 days S-MRS exposure, except for SMA-27, which decreased 10-fold. The activity of strains SMA-17 and SMA-27 decreased after 16 and 60 days P-MRS exposure. Non-permafrost strains showed constant survival and methane production when exposed to both desiccating scenarios. All strains showed unaltered methane production when exposed to the perchlorate concentration reported at the Phoenix landing site (2.4 mM) or even higher concentrations. We conclude that methanogens from (non-)permafrost environments are suitable candidates for potential life in the martian subsurface and therefore are worthy of study after space exposure experiments that approach Mars-like surface conditions.

The experience of mothers and fathers in cases of stillbirth in Spain. A qualitative study.

AIM: To explore the experience of both the mothers and the fathers regarding the care received during delivery in cases of stillbirth. DESIGN: A hermeneutic phenomenological study based on semi-structured interviews with eleven mothers and fathers who experienced stillbirth. PARTICIPANTS: A purposive sample was recruited in Hospital XXX of XX and through a local pregnancy loss support organization. METHODS: Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Four main categories identified: 1) denial of grief, 2) the life and death paradox, 3) guilt, and 4) go through and overcome the loss. The parents manifested a lack of recognition of their loss and their parenthood. Although the midwife was the highest valued professional, not all the experiences were positive and the parents would have appreciated being accompanied by trained people with good communication skills. They also referred to in-hospital logistic barriers that complicated the process, as well as the fact that these births occurred in the same place where healthy deliveries were attended. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the importance of tailoring support systems according to mothers' and fathers' needs. Promoting social and institutional recognition of this kind of loss and training healthcare professionals in the accompaniment of this type of mourning is useful to plan comprehensive care to facilitate the initiation and subsequent evolution of healthy mourning.

Limits of Life and the Habitability of Mars: The ESA Space Experiment BIOMEX on the ISS.

BIOMEX (BIOlogy and Mars EXperiment) is an ESA/Roscosmos space exposure experiment housed within the exposure facility EXPOSE-R2 outside the Zvezda module on the International Space Station (ISS). The design of the multiuser facility supports-among others-the BIOMEX investigations into the stability and level of degradation of space-exposed biosignatures such as pigments, secondary metabolites, and cell surfaces in contact with a terrestrial and Mars analog mineral environment. In parallel, analysis on the viability of the investigated organisms has provided relevant data for evaluation of the habitability of Mars, for the limits of life, and for the likelihood of an interplanetary transfer of life (theory of lithopanspermia). In this project, lichens, archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, snow/permafrost algae, meristematic black fungi, and bryophytes from alpine and polar habitats were embedded, grown, and cultured on a mixture of martian and lunar regolith analogs or other terrestrial minerals. The organisms and regolith analogs and terrestrial mineral mixtures were then exposed to space and to simulated Mars-like conditions by way of the EXPOSE-R2 facility. In this special issue, we present the first set of data obtained in reference to our investigation into the habitability of Mars and limits of life. This project was initiated and implemented by the BIOMEX group, an international and interdisciplinary consortium of 30 institutes in 12 countries on 3 continents. Preflight tests for sample selection, results from ground-based simulation experiments, and the space experiments themselves are presented and include a complete overview of the scientific processes required for this space experiment and postflight analysis. The presented BIOMEX concept could be scaled up to future exposure experiments on the Moon and will serve as a pretest in low Earth orbit.

[Three years experience in the detection and follow-up of violence against the elderly in a tertiary hospital]. / Detección y seguimiento de malos tratos en personas mayores en un hospital terciario: experiencia de 3 años.

OBJECTIVES: The Hospital Clínico San Carlos Committee against violence established a protocol in 2012 in order to detect and follow-up violence against elderly persons. This article presents the experience after 3years of its introduction, as well as an analysis comparing the differences between those younger and older than 65years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases were collected during years 2013, 2014, and 2015, and were divided into two groups, A and B, according to age, younger or older than 65years. Parameters studied were: gender, place of detection (emergency department, during hospital admission, or outpatient clinics), type of professional worker who detected each case (social workers, nurses, or physicians), previous history of violence, type of aggression (physical, psychological, financial), institutional procedures once aggression was confirmed, and deaths after one year of follow-up. The SPPS v.18.0 package was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 172 cases were detected, of which 140 of them were included in groupA (<65years), and 32 in groupB (>65 years, 22.8%). Gender: GroupA: women: 93.5%. GroupB: women: 78.1% (P=.014). Registration site: GroupA: emergency department: 90.7%, hospital wards: 6.4%, outpatient wards: 3.0. GroupB: emergency department: 65.6%, hospital wards: 31.6%, outpatient wards: 2.8% (P=.001). Notification: GroupA: social worker: 25%, physician: 67.8%, nurse: 6.4%. GroupB: social worker: 65.2%, physician: 28.1%, nurse: 6.2% (P<.001). Previous violence history: GroupA: 62.1%. GroupB: 68.7%. Type of abuse: GroupA: physical: 56.4%, psychological: 2.8%, physical +psychological: 30.4%, physical +psychological +economic: 10.1%. GroupB: physical: 31.1%, psychological: 5.1%, neglect: 18.7%, physical +psychological: 10.1, physical +psychological +economic: 9.8, economic: 25.1 (P<.0001). Resources employed and follow-up: Injuries: Group A: 63.5%. Group B: 31.2% (P=.001). Judicial protection measures: GroupA: 12.8. GroupB: 15.6 (P=.773). Removal order: GroupA: 2.1. GroupB: 6.25 (P=.235). More than one-third of patients in groupB, and none of the patients in groupA, died in the year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There are more problems detected in the Emergency Department. There is a history of previous violence in more than half of the cases in both age groups. The profile of the victim is an elderly woman with significant physical and cognitive impairment. Economic abuse and neglect are more frequent in the elderly population. In our series, more than one-third of elderly patients who are victims of ill-treatment die each year. The hospital registry is fundamental for the detection and follow-up of abuse in the elderly.

Publisher Correction: Geochemical constraints on the Hadean environment from mineral fingerprints of prokaryotes.

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Midwives' experience of delivery care in late foetal death: A qualitative study.

AIM: To explore the experiences of midwives regarding the attention given during labour in late foetal death. DESIGN: Qualitative research using a hermeneutic-interpretative phenomenological approach was carried out. Data were collected through focus groups, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the van Manen approach. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Three focus group with a purposive sample of 18 midwives from 10 public hospitals and 1 primary health centre in Madrid, Spain were conducted. FINDINGS: Two main themes were identified: Professionals for Life Not Death; and Organizing the Work Without Guidelines. Midwives felt there is a lack of social awareness related to the possibility of antepartum death that keeps the mourning hidden and affects the midwives´ practice during the late foetal death process. Midwives recognize difficulties in coping with a process that ends in death: organizations are not prepared for these events (not suitable rooms), there is lack of training to cope with them, and lack of continuity in the attention received by the parents when they are discharged. CONCLUSION: Midwives need to be trained in mourning and communication skills to guarantee good practice when attending late foetal death. Intervention guidelines and support mechanisms are required, not only for the parents, but also for the healthcare professionals.

Geochemical constraints on the Hadean environment from mineral fingerprints of prokaryotes.

The environmental conditions on the Earth before 4 billion years ago are highly uncertain, largely because of the lack of a substantial rock record from this period. During this time interval, known as the Hadean, the young planet transformed from an uninhabited world to the one capable of supporting, and inhabited by the first living cells. These cells formed in a fluid environment they could not at first control, with homeostatic mechanisms developing only later. It is therefore possible that present-day organisms retain some record of the primordial fluid in which the first cells formed. Here we present new data on the elemental compositions and mineral fingerprints of both Bacteria and Archaea, using these data to constrain the environment in which life formed. The cradle solution that produced this elemental signature was saturated in barite, sphene, chalcedony, apatite, and clay minerals. The presence of these minerals, as well as other chemical features, suggests that the cradle environment of life may have been a weathering fluid interacting with dry-land silicate rocks. The specific mineral assemblage provides evidence for a moderate Hadean climate with dry and wet seasons and a lower atmospheric abundance of CO2 than is present today.

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy reveals a convergence of the chemical composition in methanogenic archaea from a Siberian permafrost-affected soil.

Methanogenic archaea are widespread anaerobic microorganisms responsible for the production of biogenic methane. Several new species of psychrotolerant methanogenic archaea were recently isolated from a permafrost-affected soil in the Lena Delta (Siberia, Russia), showing an exceptional resistance against desiccation, osmotic stress, low temperatures, starvation, UV and ionizing radiation when compared to methanogens from non-permafrost environments. To gain a deeper insight into the differences observed in their resistance, we described the chemical composition of methanogenic strains from permafrost and non-permafrost environments using confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM). CRM is a powerful tool for microbial identification and provides fingerprint-like information about the chemical composition of the cells. Our results show that the chemical composition of methanogens from permafrost-affected soils presents a high homology and is remarkably different from strains inhabiting non-permafrost environments. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the studied strains based on the functional gene mcrA to prove the different evolutionary relationship of the permafrost strains. We conclude that the permafrost methanogenic strains show a convergent chemical composition regardless of their genotype. This fact is likely to be the consequence of a complex adaptive process to the Siberian permafrost environment and might be the reason underlying their resistant nature.

From cytoplasm to environment: the inorganic ingredients for the origin of life.

Early in its history, Earth's surface developed from an uninhabitable magma ocean to a place where life could emerge. The first organisms, lacking ion transporters, fixed the composition of their cradle environment in their intracellular fluid. Later, though life adapted and spread, it preserved some qualities of its initial environment within. Modern prokaryotes could thus provide insights into the conditions of early Earth and the requirements for the emergence of life. In this work, we constrain Earth's life-forming environment through detailed analysis of prokaryotic intracellular fluid. Rigorous assessment of the constraints placed on the early Earth environment by intracellular liquid will provide insight into the conditions of abiogenesis, with implications not only for our understanding of early Earth but also the formation of life elsewhere in the Universe.