Box Lesion with Single Radiofrequency Clamp.

We introduce a maneuver to perform the box lesion as a part of Cox maze IV procedure with single radiofrequency clamp. The maneuver entails engaging the right pulmonary veins with the clamp, then advancing the clamp jaws underneath the superior vena cava through the transverse sinus to include the roof and the left pulmonary veins in the clamp. We regularly use this technique for box lesion with desirable transmurality.

Short-term outcomes after surgical aortic valve replacement in elderly patients - results of a comparative cohort study.

BACKGROUND: With the introduction of transcatheter aortic valve implantation, the role of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in elderly patients has been called into question. We investigated the short-term outcomes of SAVR in the elderly population. METHODS: All patients aged ≥ 70 years who underwent isolated SAVR in our centre between 2008 and 2017 were included in the study. Survival at 30 days and 1 year were compared for patients aged 70-79 years (n = 809) versus patients aged ≥ 80 years (n = 322). Factors associated with poorer survival outcomes were identified using multivariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients aged 70-79 years and patients aged ≥ 80 years had similar survival rates at 30 days (98.1% vs. 98.4%, p = 0.732) and 1 year (96.0% vs. 94.1%, p = 0.162) post-SAVR. This remained true after multivariable adjustment. Risk factors for 30 day all-cause mortality included insulin dependent diabetes (HR 6.17, 95% CI 1.32-28.92, p = 0.021) and increasing cardiopulmonary bypass time (HR 2.72, 95% CI 1.89-3.91, p < 0.0001). Significant risk factors for 1 year all-cause mortality were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV (HR 6.25, 95% CI 1.55-25.24, p = 0.010) and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.40-2.69, p < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained for cardiac-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term outcomes of SAVR are excellent in elderly patients and age alone is not a predictor of poorer outcomes. However, the increased risk of mortality in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and those with severe functional impairment (NYHA class IV) should be carefully considered when selecting patients for SAVR in this elderly population.

Analysis of Incidence and Reasons for Re-intervention After Aortic Valve Replacement Using the Trifecta Aortic Bioprosthesis.

Trifecta bioprosthesis claims favorable hemodynamic performance. However, reports of structural valve deterioration (SVD) raise concerns of its long-term durability. We assessed outcomes with the Trifecta valve over a 10-year period. All patients receiving Trifecta bioprostheses between October 2011 and October 2020 were included. Perioperative and survival characteristics were prospectively collated in an independent database. Re-intervention was recorded as a surrogate for SVD. Nine hundred and forty-four patients (mean age 72.82 years ± 8.13, 58% male) underwent aortic valve replacement with the Trifecta valve. At 10-years, 1.4% of patients required a redo operation, giving an overall freedom from re-intervention of 98.6%. The mean time to re-intervention was 48.87 months. Survival was 73.58% and 76.92% in patients who did not require re-intervention vs re-intervention group, respectively. In a large, single-center cohort, the Trifecta aortic bioprosthesis had a 1.4% all-cause re-intervention rate at 10-years, with insignificant impact on survival.

The quest for the optimal surgical management of tricuspid valve endocarditis in the current era: a narrative review.

Tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVE) is a growing concern with increasing rates and mortality burden. The currently changing etiology, the antibiotic resistance and the raise in iatrogenic causes as with implantable cardiac devices [cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED)], represent a challenge for the management of these patients. The progressively widespread use of CIEDs is adding to the more commonly known intravenous (IV) drug abuse in the list of causes. Treatment strategies include medical therapy alone or surgery. From the surgical standpoint tricuspid valve repair, replacement or the staged procedure of valvectomy as bridge to replacement are available options. Treatment of endocarditis related to implantable device is another expanding field which requires a coordinated action with microbiologists in consideration of the microorganism antibiotic resistance. This review summarizes the currently available evidences on TVE including surgical indications, timing of interventions and technical considerations. The conflicting results of the available observational evidences and the non-unanimous consensus on many aspects of TVE impede to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the best management strategy and demands for randomized studies in this field.

Lead-Sparing Tricuspid Valve Repair Damaged by Pacemaker Lead.

Permanent pacemaker lead may damage the tricuspid valve in various ways, causing severe tricuspid valve regurgitation. The perforation of posterior papillary muscle is an uncommon complication caused by the lead. We describe a lead-sparing tricuspid valve repair in which the lead extraction was not an option. The papillary muscle containing the lead was fully mobilized to release the adherent leaflets. The repair was completed by commissuroplasty as well as ring annuloplasty, leaving the lead inside the implanted ring.

Advanced mechanical circulatory support for post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock: a 20-year outcome analysis in a non-transplant unit.

BACKGROUND: Post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) has an incidence of 2-6 % after routine adult cardiac surgery. 0.5-1.5 % are refractory to inotropic and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support. Advanced mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) can be used to salvage carefully selected number of such patients. High costs and major complication rates have lead to centralization and limited funding for such devices in the UK. We have looked the outcomes of such devices in a non-transplant, intermediate-size adult cardiothoracic surgery unit. METHODS: Inclusion criteria included any adult patient who had received salvage veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) or a ventricular assist device (VAD) for PCCS refractory to IABP and inotropic support following cardiac surgery from April 1995-April 2015. RESULTS: Sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Age range was 34-83 years (median 71). There was a male predominance of 12 (75 %). Overall, 15 (94 %) had received ECMO of which, 10 (67 %) had received central ECMO and 5 (33 %) had received peripheral ECMO. One patient (6 %) had a VAD. The most common complication was haemorrhage. Stroke, femoral artery pseudo-aneurysm, sepsis and renal failure also occurred. Thirty-day survival was 37.5 %. Survival rate to hospital discharge was 31.2 %. All survivors had NYHA class I-II at 24 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our survival rate is similar to that reported in several previous studies. However, the use of AMCS for refractory PCCS is associated with serious complications. The survivors in our cohort appear to maintain an acceptable quality of life.

Two-Strip Technique to Repair Common Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Single-Ventricle Palliation.

A common atrioventricular valve (CAVV) presents a challenge in single-ventricle palliation (SVP) because of its propensity to leak, with CAVV regurgitation being an important risk factor for repeated operation and mortality. We propose a new technique of CAVV repair in the context of SVP. The method uses the techniques of complete repair of antrioventricular septal defect while maintaining free communication at atrial and ventricular levels necessary for single-ventricle physiology.

How to make an aortic root replacement simulator at home.

There is a paucity of low-fidelity and cost-efficient simulators for training cardiac surgeons in the aspects of aortic root/valve replacement. In this study we addressed this training challenge by creating a low-fidelity, low-cost but, at the same time, anatomically realistic aortic root replacement simulator for training purposes. We used readily available, low cost materials such as lint roller tubes, foam sheet, press-and-seal bags, glue, plywood sheet, heat-shrink sleeving tubes and condoms as the basic material to create a low-fidelity, aortic root, training simulator. We constructed a multi-purpose, anatomically realistic aortic root simulator using the above materials, both time- and cost-efficiently, using the minimum of surgical equipment. This simulator is easy to construct and enables self-training in major techniques of aortic root replacement as well as in stentless valve implantation for trainees in cardiac surgery.

Repair of early left main stem stenosis after switch operation using an autologous innominate vein patch.

We describe the repair of the postoperative left main stem stenosis of a 24-day old male patient who initially underwent arterial switch operation for dextro-transposition of the great arteries. The repair was facilitated by using an autologous left innominate vein patch, while there was a shortage of suitable repair material in this neonate. Postoperative echocardiogram prior to discharge confirmed a satisfactory flow through the left main stem and improved left ventricle function.

Is it safe not to drain the pneumonectomy space?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether it is safe not to position any chest drain into the pneumonectomy space at the conclusion of the procedure. Altogether 381 relevant studies were identified of which 11 represented the best evidence to answer the question. The author, journal, date, country of publication, alternative methods of postpneumonectomy space (PPS) management, complications and relevant outcomes are tabulated. The majority of studies are on the basis of expert opinion or small cohorts. Major cohorts, by which the pneumonectomy outcomes have been examined, demonstrated that the rates of complications related to pneumonectomy space management such as empyema, bronchopleural fistula, mediastinal shift and major bleeding requiring reopening are very low. In a large cohort where 408 patients underwent pneumonectomy the rate of relevant complications was low and also it was concluded that the PPS drainage is not necessary. Two separate expert opinions were in agreement that needle aspiration in the absence of a drainage system is adequate for the management of PPS and avoiding a mediastinal shift. One small cohort and one institutional audit directly examined the impact of a drainage versus no drainage approach in the management of PPS. Although neither study could show a significant superiority of one method over another, they recommended adopting a unified institutional protocol for current departmental practice. They also emphasized that larger cohorts are required to examine the superiority of different strategies for PPS management. In a cohort of 291 patients, it was demonstrated that patients with drainage with underwater seal are more at risk of postpneumonectomy oedema. A recent review published as a book chapter appraised the relevant literature in both humans and animals. The authors concluded that the simplicity of a no-drainage system is notable; however, a balanced drainage might be recommended for local protocols. We conclude that although the current evidence is not adequate to examine the different aforementioned approaches, not draining the pneumonectomy space can be performed safely.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation during mitral valve surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgical ablation has emerged as an acceptable treatment modality for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undertaking concomitant cardiac surgery. However, the efficacy of surgical ablation in patient populations undergoing mitral valve surgery is not well established. The present meta-analysis aims to establish the current randomized evidence on clinical outcomes of surgical ablation versus no ablative treatment in patients with AF undergoing mitral valve surgery. METHODS: Electronic searches were performed using six databases from their inception to September 2013, identifying all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical ablation versus no ablation in AF patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Data were extracted and analyzed according to predefined clinical endpoints. RESULTS: Nine relevant RCTs were identified for inclusion in the present analysis. The number of patients in sinus rhythm (SR) was significantly improved in the surgical ablation group compared to the non-ablation group at discharge. This effect on SR remained at all follow-up periods until >1 year. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between surgical ablation and no ablation in terms of 30-day mortality, all-cause mortality, pacemaker implantation, stroke, thromboembolism, cardiac tamponade, reoperation for bleeding and myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present meta-analysis demonstrate that the addition of surgical ablation for AF leads to a significantly higher rate of sinus rhythm in mitral valve surgical patients, with no increase in the rates of mortality, pacemaker implantation, stroke and thromboembolism. Further research should be directed at correlating different surgical ablation subtypes to cardiac and cerebrovascular events at long-term follow-up.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: from fantasy to reality.

Increased life expectancy has led to the presentation of more complicated patients in old age for the replacement of the aortic valve. The emergence of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) was considered as a significant breakthrough in the management of symptomatic, moribund patients suffering from aortic valve stenosis who had been rejected for surgical intervention. A novel technology often has a long journey from the point at which it is created to its every-day-use. It is now obvious that TAVI practice in multiple institutes around the world has gone beyond the evidence. Serious concerns have been raised questioning the current TAVI practice. Analysis of future TAVI use may assist clinicians and healthcare managers to understand and deploy this technology in accordance with the evidence.

The mitral chordometer: a novel device for mitral valve repair.

We introduce a novel device to accurately gauge the length of the artificial chordae and, at the same time, allow a secure platform against which artificial chordae can be tied securely. The distal end of the device contains a concave apparatus that seats on the papillary muscle. A movable lateral member is adjusted to sit below the free edge of the adjacent normal leaflet to provide a template for tying the artificial chordae to the prolapsing posterior leaflet to the correct height.

Middle lobe syndrome associated with major haemoptysis.

A 60-year-old Indian woman who was suffering from recurrent pneumonia presented with major haemoptysis and a right-sided pleuritic chest pain. Initially the patient required resuscitation to optimise her haemodynamic parameters while oxygenation remained satisfactory. An urgent computed tomography pulmonary angiogram revealed right middle lobe syndrome which constitutes chronic collapse of the middle lobe accompanied by bronchiectatic changes. Angiography identified an abnormal bronchial artery and venous shunting which was embolised satisfactorily. Subsequently she underwent bronchoscopy which was unremarkable. Her post-operative course was uneventful and patient was discharged home. During the post-operative follow-up patient remained stable and was discharged from out-patient clinic after two years.

Is it safe to divide and ligate the left innominate vein in complex cardiothoracic surgeries?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether it is safe to divide the left innominate vein (LIV) in aortic arch surgery to improve access. Altogether, 228 relevant papers were found using the reported search, of which nine represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Following LIV division, the venous drainage takes place via multiple collateral systems such as the azygous/hemiazygous, the internal mammary veins, the lateral thoracic and superficial thoracoabdominal veins, vertebral venous plexus as well as the transverse sinus. The possible complications are mainly left upper limb swelling and neurological symptoms. In one case series of 14 patients, the LIV was divided and ligated to facilitate the exposure for aortic arch surgery. More than 2-year follow-up did not reveal upper limb oedema or neurological symptoms. In two cohorts of 52 patients, the LIV was ligated prior to the superior vena cava (SVC) resection for malignancy. During the mid-term follow-up, no neurological or upper limb symptoms were reported. Although in two studies with 72 and 70 patients undergoing SVC resection it was not specified how many of them had LIV ligation, no relevant complications were reported. In a report, LIV occlusion was observed in 4 patients undergoing left internal jagular vein catheterization for haemodialysis. The reported symptom was left arm swelling with no neurological problems. In a cohort of 18 patients undergoing SVC resection for malignancy and major vein reconstruction, 7 patients underwent ligation of the LIV with no neurological symptoms. It was also concluded that reconstruction of the LIV is not consistent with favourable patency. In a case series of 10 patients with central venous obstruction, collateral pathways to conduct efficient venous drainage were mapped. We conclude that division of the LIV is safe in selected patients and operations. Patients will initially have symptoms of central vein obstruction, but these will decrease with conservative management as collaterals form.

Staged hybrid treatment of ascending aorta aneurysm post cardiac surgery.

We describe the management of ascending aorta aneurysm following a recurrent sternotomy wound infection in 2 male patients. The patients had undergone cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass with late complications of chronic sternal wound infection and saccular aneurysm at the aortic cannulation site. In both patients, following a multidisciplinary approach, a customized stent graft was implanted endovascularly into the ascending aorta to seal the aneurysm orifice followed by resternotomy, repair of the aneurysm and omentopexy. Both patients' postoperative course was uneventful.

Is fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of malignancy adequate prior to major lung resections including pneumonectomy?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis is of sufficient reliability for the diagnosis of lung cancer prior to a major lung resection. Altogether, 112 papers were found using the reported search, of which 13 papers presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. The tabulated studies include two meta-analyses, one systematic review, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and nine cohort studies. The specificity reported for FNA in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer ranged from 96.2 to 100%. One meta-analysis reported a specificity of 97%. Another meta-analysis reported a specificity of 98.8%. A systematic review reported a specificity of 97%. An RCT reported a specificity of 96.2-100%. We conclude that the FNA for lung cancer is reported to be highly specific prior to major lung resection with a very low false positive rate. However, although a false positive may occasionally be acceptable in lobectomies, where the lobes are often removed without histology, all steps should be taken to avoid a false positive result in pneumonectomy considering the serious consequences of embarking upon such an operation in the small number of patients with a false positive result, and we recommend that a positive FNA result should be confirmed by means of alternative sampling methods. We also acknowledge that obtaining an additional biopsy specimen would add to the risk of morbidity and costs; therefore, any benefits should be weighed against risks and additional costs.

Is it safe to cut pacing wires flush with the skin instead of removing them?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether it is safe to cut the temporary epicardial pacing wires (TEPWs) flush with the patient's skin surface prior to discharge. Altogether 105 relevant papers were identified of which 13 case reports represented the best evidence to answer the question. The author, journal, date, country of publication, complications, the culprit TEPW and relevant outcomes are tabulated. All case reports demonstrated a wide spectrum of complications. Complications from a retained TEPW mainly arise after a long dormant period. A recent case report has demonstrated the herniation of intra-abdominal contents through a diaphragmatic defect created by the abandoned epicardial pacing wires after a few decades. In multiple case reports, the migration of TEPW was the culprit of serious complications. In two case reports, the TEPWs attached to the right chambers of the heart had migrated to the pulmonary artery via the right atrium and then the right ventricle. In one case report, a similar migration of the right ventricular TEPW to the right ventricular outflow track was observed. The TEPW migration was not limited to the right side of the heart, as in one case report the right atrial TEPW had migrated to the right carotid artery via the ascending aorta. A distant extravascular migration of TEPWs to the skin surface and intraperitoneal and pelvic cavities has also been reported. Retained TEPWs have also been reported to inflict complications locally. One case report has shown a large right-sided para-cardiac mass caused by a right atrial TEPW. In two other case reports, the bronchocutaneous fistula, lobar consolidation and bronchiectasis were the manifestations of a retained TEPW. We conclude that the retention of TEPW after cardiac surgery is not necessarily safe and may cause severe complications. We recommend that TEPWs should be completely removed when possible. If TEPWs are retained, this should be appropriately documented and the surgeon should be mindful of this when the patient presents with complications postoperatively.

Is it worth placing ventricular pacing wires in all patients post-coronary artery bypass grafting?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether ventricular pacing wires should be placed routinely in all patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) regardless of immediate post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) rhythm status. Using the reported search, 142 papers were found, from which 10 papers represented the best evidence on the subject. The author, date and country of 10 publications, study type, patient group studied, relevant outcomes and results are tabulated. Complete atrio-ventricular (AV) block is the main reason for inserting ventricular pacing wires upon conclusion of CABG. Eight studies found complete AV block to be a rare entity post-CABG. The rate of complete AV block in CABG in our review ranged from 0.3 to 24%. The calculated average rate of AV block in all studies was 2.4%. The number needed to treat with ventricular wires to support a patient who develops AV block is 42. One randomized controlled trial found 3% risk of complete AV block post-CABG. Another cohort of 222 patients revealed a rate of 1.8% for complete AV block. For one cohort of 770 patients, post-CABG the rate of complete AV block was found to be 0.3%. In one cohort of 25 patients, there was a rate of 4% for complete AV block post-CABG. Another study of 564 patients revealed a rate of 0.7% for complete AV block. A study of 4999 patients post-CABG reported a rate of 1.2% for complete AV block. In one cohort of 93 patients, there was a 4% risk of complete AV block. Another cohort of 62 patients showed a rate of 1.6% for complete AV block. Only two papers found the rate of complete AV block post-CABG to be as high as 24 and 16%. Both studies were limited by sample size. In conclusion, routine ventricular pacing wire insertion post-CABG is unnecessary given that routine use of ventricular wires can occasionally cause complications such as bleeding and cardiac tamponade and thus is not risk free. We also found that the incidence of complete AV block is probably higher in on-CPB CABG than off-CPB CABG and that AV pacing may be haemodynamically beneficial for some patients postoperatively.

Does the number of wires used to close a sternotomy have an impact on deep sternal wound infection?

OBJECTIVES: We studied the influence of the number of sternotomy mechanical fixation points on deep sternal wound infection (DSWI). METHODS: Between September 2007 and February 2011, 2672 patients underwent a standard peri-sternal wire closure following a median sternotomy for a first-time cardiac surgery. Data were collected during the study period. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 66 ± 11 and 1978 (74.0%) were male. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.9 ± 9.3 and the median of the logistic EuroSCORE was 3.14, with a range of 0.88-54.1. Postoperatively, 40 (1.5%) patients developed DSWI after 14 ± 6 days, of whom 39 (92.5%) had positive deep sternal wound specimen cultures, predominantly Staphylococci (62.5%). The risk of DSWI was significantly increased in patients in whom eight or fewer paired points of sternal wire fixation were used when compared with patients in whom nine or more paired points of fixation were used (P = 0.002). Preoperative myocardial infarction (P = 0.001), elevated BMI (P = 0.046), bilateral internal mammary artery harvest (P < 0.0001), postoperative hypoxia (P < 0.0001), sepsis (P = 0.019) and postoperative inotrope use (P = 0.007) significantly increased the risk of DSWI. CONCLUSIONS: DSWI is associated with hypoxia, ischaemia, sepsis and mechanical sternal instability. DSWI may be prevented by using nine or more paired fixation points when closing with standard peri-sternal wires.