Prevalence of microalbuminuria in relation to glycemic control in type-2 diabetic patients in Mymensingh.

Microalbuminuria is a renal marker of generalized vascular endothelial damage and early atherosclerosis. Patients with microalbuminuria are at increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus like myocardial infarction, stroke and nephropathy. Poor glycemic control increases the risk of microalbuminuria. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes and compare the frequency of microalbuminuria in poor and good glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. One Hundred and twenty two type 2 diabetic patients were included in the study. Data on age, gender, duration of diabetes, microalbuminuria and HbA1c were recorded. Urine and blood samples were collected and analyzed for microalbuminuria, blood glucose and HbA1c. All patients of both genders with type 2 diabetes for over 2 years were selected in this study. Patients with other causes of proteinuria were excluded. Out of 120 cases 93(77.5%) were male and 27(22.5%) were female. Mean age of patients was 57.8±14.7 years and average duration of diabetes was 9.2 years. Microalbuminuria was found 76.9% of male and 23.1% of female. Patients with poor glycemic control and good glycemic control have frequency of microalbuminuria of 55% and 54% respectively. Uncontrolled diabetes is strongly associated with prevalence of microalbuminuria. Screening for microalbuminuria and HbA1c test should be done both in newly and already diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients as an early marker of renal dysfunction and glycemic control.

Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life Using PCOSQ Tool, Its Determinants and Coping Mechanisms Used by Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Attending Multidisciplinary Clinic in Mumbai, India.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorder having most impact on women of reproductive age group, affecting their quality of life (HRQOL) and psychological well-being. Objective: This paper aims to determine QOL among women affected with PCOS attending a multidisciplinary clinic using PCOSQ tool and its association with socio-economic status, phenotypes, anxiety, depression and metabolic comorbidities and evaluate the coping strategies adapted by these women. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Integrated multidisciplinary PCOS clinic. Patients: Two hundred and nine women diagnosed with PCOS as per Rotterdam criteria. Results: Infertility was an important condition for reduced HRQOL and psychological morbidity across all socio-economic status and phenotypes. The poor psychological status and obesity were identified as determinants of HRQOL among women affected with PCOS. Those who suffered from anxiety, depression and showed lower HRQOL used emotional maladaptive coping strategies. Conclusion: Results reveal that HRQOL of PCOS women is worsened in the presence of comorbidities. Maladaptive and disengagement coping strategies used by women may worsen their psychological status. Holistic assessment of comorbidities and its management can help improve HROL of affected women. Personalised counselling based on the assessment of coping strategies used by women could empower women to cope better with PCOS.

Vitamin-D status is not a confounder of the relationship between zinc and diarrhoea: a study in 6-24-month-old underweight and normal-weight children of urban Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The role of micronutrients particularly zinc in childhood diarrhoea is well established. Immunomodulatory functions of vitamin-D in diarrhoea and its role in the effect of other micronutrients are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate whether vitamin-D directly associated or confounded the association between other micronutrient status and diarrhoeal incidence and severity in 6-24-month underweight and normal-weight children in urban Bangladesh. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Multivariable generalised estimating equations were used to estimate incidence rate ratios for incidence (Poisson) and severity (binomial) of diarrhoea on cohorts of 446 normal-weight and 466 underweight children. Outcomes of interest included incidence and severity of diarrhoea, measured daily during a follow-up period of 5 months. The exposure of interest was vitamin-D status at enrolment. RESULTS: Normal-weight and underweight children contributed 62 117 and 62 967 day observation, with 14.2 and 12.8 days/child/year of diarrhoea, respectively. None of the models showed significant associations of vitamin-D status with diarrhoeal morbidity. In the final model, zinc-insufficient normal-weight children had 1.3 times more days of diarrhoea than sufficient children (P<0.05). Again zinc insufficiency and mother's education (1-5 and >5 years) had 1.8 and 2.3 times more risk of severe diarrhoea. In underweight children, older age and female had 24-63 and 17% fewer days of diarrhoea and 52-54 and 31% fewer chances of severe diarrhoea. CONCLUSION: Vitamin-D status was not associated with incidence and severity of diarrhoea in study children. Role of zinc in diarrhoea was only evident in normal-weight children. Our findings demonstrate that vitamin-D is not a confounder of the relationship between zinc and diarrhoea.