Altered Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated with Pubertal Hormones in Girls with Precocious Puberty.

Pubertal hormones play an important role in brain and psychosocial development. However, the role of abnormal HPG axis states in altering brain function and structure remains unclear. The present study is aimed at determining whether there were significant differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and resting state (RS) functional connectivity (FC) patterns in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) and peripheral precocious puberty (PPP). We further explored the correlation between these differences and serum pubertal hormone levels. To assess this, we recruited 29 idiopathic CPP girls and 38 age-matched PPP girls. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test was performed, and pubertal hormone levels (including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), prolactin, and cortisol) were assessed. All subjects underwent multimodal magnetic resonance imaging of brain structure and function. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was paired with seed-to-voxel whole-brain RS-FC analysis to calculate the GMV and RS-FC in idiopathic CPP and PPP girls. Correlation analyses were used to assess the effects of pubertal hormones on brain regions with structural and functional differences between the groups. We found that girls with CPP exhibited decreased GMV in the left insula and left fusiform gyrus, while connectivity between the left and right insula and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), as well as the left fusiform gyrus and right amygdala, was reduced in girls with CPP. Furthermore, the GMV of the left insula and peak FSH levels were negatively correlated while higher basal and peak E2 levels were associated with increased bilateral insula RS-FC. These findings suggest that premature activation of the HPG axis and pubertal hormone fluctuations alter brain structure and function involved in the cognitive and emotional process in early childhood. These findings provide vital insights into the early pathophysiology of idiopathic CPP.

Translation and validation of Simplified Chinese version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in chronic pain patients: Education may matter.

Objective Pain catastrophizing is linked to many aspects of pain perception and defines a unique dimension in predicting pain intensity and physical disability. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is an effective, validated,self-report measure, commonly used in clinical trials. Here, we present a Simplified Chinese PCS (SC-PCS) version developed in Chinese patients suffering from chronic pain. Methods The SC-PCS was generated in five steps and tested on an initial patient cohort (N = 30). A convenience sample (N = 200) of in-hospital patients with non-malignant pain lasting for more than 12 weeks were recruited for the study, of which 81 completed 5 additional pain questionnaires. A subset (N = 24) of the patients completed an additional SC-PCS, 10 days after the initial query to assess test-retest validation. Results Intra-class correlations coefficient indicated high reproducibility and temporal consistency, (0.97), for the total score. Cronbach's alpha determined high internal consistency across the SC-PCS total score and its three subscales (0.87, 0.85, 0.62, and 0.65). The SC-PCS total score moderately or weakly (R = -0.2 to 0.49), but significantly, correlated with other measurements, such as pain Visual Analog Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scales, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and education. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the dimensionality of the SC-PCS, which indicated instability of the current three-factor model. However, a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three-factor model had the best goodness-fitting. Conclusions We demonstrate the successful translational adaptation from English to Simplified Chinese as well as the reliability and validity of SC-PCS. An important discovery was education level significantly correlated with SC-PCS, identifying a future consideration for other cross-cultural development of self-reported measures.

MiR-411 suppressed vein wall fibrosis by downregulating MMP-2 via targeting HIF-1α.

This study was aim to investigate the specific mechanisms of miR-411 in vein wall fibrosis remodeling. Vein wall fibrosis injury-induced deep venous thrombosis (DVT) rat model was well established. The expression of miR-411 at mRNA levels and Collagen I, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α together with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 at protein levels in vein wall tissues and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following transfection were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the potential target of miR-411. MiR-411 mimic injected into rat model of DVT was to verify the role of miR-411 in vein wall fibrosis in vivo. MiR-411 was downregulated while Collagen I, HIF-1α and MMP-2 was upregulated in vein wall tissues and VSMCs obtained from rat model of DVT. MiR-411 overexpression in VSMCs separated from rats of vascular remodeling group (VR-VSMCs) upregulated miR-411, HIF-1α and inhibited cell proliferation and Collagen I expression, while miR-411 knockdown in VSMCs isolated from healthy rats (Control-VSMCs) reversed the effects. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that HIF-1α was a target of miR-411. In addition, overexpression of miR-411 and HIF-1α in VR-VSMCs promoted HIF-1α, Collagen I expression and cell proliferation, however, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 treatment led to adverse trends. MiR-411 mimic injected into rat model of DVT could suppress vein wall fibrosis in vivo. MiR-411 inhibited vein wall fibrosis by downregulating MMP-2 mediated by HIF-1α.

Lumbar Artery Injury during Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: Successful Treatment by Emergent Transcatheter Arterial Embolization.

Injury to the lumbar artery during percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) is a very severe complication and only rarely reported. We present a 64-year-old patient with an injury to the right third lumbar artery during PELD which was successfully treated with intraoperative angiography and coil embolization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of intraoperative angiography and coil embolization to treat a lumbar artery that had been lacerated during PELD.

Altered Intrinsic Coupling between Functional Connectivity Density and Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Mild Cognitive Impairment with Depressive Symptoms.

Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that major depressive disorder increases the risk of dementia in older individuals with mild cognitive impairment. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the intrinsic coupling patterns between the amplitude and synchronisation of low-frequency brain fluctuations using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and the functional connectivity density (FCD) in 16 patients who had mild cognitive impairment with depressive symptoms (D-MCI) (mean age: 69.6 ± 6.2 years) and 18 patients with nondepressed mild cognitive impairment (nD-MCI) (mean age: 72.1 ± 9.7 years). Coupling was quantified as the correlations between the ALFF values and their associated FCDs. The results showed that the ALFF values in the D-MCI group were higher in the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and lower in the right precentral gyrus (preCG), and the FCD values were higher in the left medial temporal gyrus (MTG) than those in the nD-MCI group. Further, correlation analyses demonstrated that, in the D-MCI group, the mPFC was negatively correlated with the MTG. These findings may relate to the characteristics of mood disorders in patients with MCI, and they offer further insight into the neuropathophysiology of MCI with depressive symptoms.

Morphometric similarity networks discriminate patients with lumbar disc herniation from healthy controls and predict pain intensity.

We used a recently advanced technique, morphometric similarity (MS), in a large sample of lumbar disc herniation patients with chronic pain (LDH-CP) to examine morphometric features derived from multimodal MRI data. To do so, we evenly allocated 136 LDH-CPs to exploratory and validation groups with matched healthy controls (HC), randomly chosen from the pool of 157 HCs. We developed three MS-based models to discriminate LDH-CPs from HCs and to predict the pain intensity of LDH-CPs. In addition, we created analogous models using resting state functional connectivity (FC) to perform the above discrimination and prediction of pain, in addition to comparing the performance of FC- and MS-based models and investigating if an ensemble model, combining morphometric features and resting-state signals, could improve performance. We conclude that 1) MS-based models were able to discriminate LDH-CPs from HCs and the MS networks (MSN) model performed best; 2) MSN was able to predict the pain intensity of LDH-CPs; 3) FC networks constructed were able to discriminate LDH-CPs from HCs, but they could not predict pain intensity; and 4) the ensemble model neither improved discrimination nor pain prediction performance. Generally, MSN is sensitive enough to uncover brain morphology alterations associated with chronic pain and provides novel insights regarding the neuropathology of chronic pain.

Abnormal Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients With Depression Symptoms Revealed by Resting-State fMRI.

Convergent evidence indicates that individuals with symptoms of depression exhibit altered functional connectivity (FC) of the amygdala, which is a key brain region in processing emotions. At present, the characteristics of amygdala functional circuits in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with and without depression are not clear. The current study examined the features of amygdala FC in patients with MCI with depression symptoms (D-MCI) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 16 patients with D-MCI, 18 patients with MCI with no depression (nD-MCI), and 20 healthy controls (HCs) using a 3T scanner and compared the strength of amygdala FC between the three groups. Patients with D-MCI exhibited significant FC differences in the amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala-sensorimotor networks. These results suggest that the dysfunction of the amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex network and the amygdala-sensorimotor network might be involved in the neural mechanism underlying depression in MCI.

Momentary pain assessments reveal benefits of endoscopic discectomy: a prospective cohort study.

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common back disorder that evokes back and/or leg pain. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) is a minimally invasive surgery for patients with LDH. However, there is little evidence of effectiveness of PELD compared with conservative treatments. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to quantify the efficacy of PELD compared with conservative treatments. METHODS: Here, we conducted a prospective observational cohort study using momentary pain assessments via a smartphone app during 3 months following surgery. The trajectories of daily ecological momentary pain assessments were fitted with an exponential model containing two parameters: a pain reduction coefficient and the percentage of persistent pain. To control for selection bias between PELD and Conservative groups (N = 167 and 34), we used inverse probability (IP) of treatment weighting for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Compared with conservative treatments, both momentary pain rating and the exponential model showed statistically significant pain recovery following PELD (p < 0.001). In addition, PELD had a faster pain recovery rate (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.75 (1.40, 2.20), p < 0.001), greater overall pain recovery rate (odds ratio (95%CI): 2.35 (2.01, 5.26), p < 0.001), faster pain reduction (t199 = 3.32, p = 0.001), and lower estimated persistent pain (Z = 2.53, p = 0.011). Greater pain intensity and lower anxiety before the surgery were predictors of faster pain reduction in the recovery subgroup following PELD. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, momentary pain rating and the model fitting revealed that PELD provided rapid pain recovery that lasted for at least three months. Greater pain intensity and lower anxiety before the surgery were predictors of faster pain reduction in the recovery subgroup following PELD. Daily momentary pain rating on a smartphone may be able to provide more informative data to evaluate effect of an intervention than pain assessment on hospital visits.

Whole-brain functional network disruption in chronic pain with disk herniation.

Brain functional network properties are globally disrupted in multiple musculoskeletal chronic pain conditions. Back pain with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) is highly prevalent and a major route for progression to chronic back pain. However, brain functional network properties remain unknown in such patients. Here, we examined resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging-based functional connectivity networks in chronic back pain patients with clear evidence for LDH (LDH-chronic pain n = 146), in comparison to healthy controls (HCs, n = 165). The study was conducted in China, thus providing the opportunity to also examine the influence of culture on brain functional reorganization with chronic pain. The data were equally subdivided into discovery and validation subgroups (n = 68 LDH-chronic pain and n = 68 HC, for each subgroup), and contrasted to an off-site data set (n = 272, NITRC 1000). Graph disruption indices derived from 3 network topological measurements, degree, clustering coefficient, and efficiency, which respectively represent network hubness, segregation, and integration, were significantly decreased compared with HC, across all predefined link densities, in both discovery and validation groups. However, global mean clustering coefficient and betweenness centrality were decreased in the discovery group and showed trend in the validation group. The relationship between pain and graph disruption indices was limited to males with high education. These results deviate somewhat from recent similar analysis for other musculoskeletal chronic pain conditions, yet we cannot determine whether the differences are due to types of pain or also to cultural differences between patients studied in China and the United States.