Osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7) reduces severity of injury after ischemic acute renal failure in rat.

We have shown that osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) (bone morphogenetic protein-7) is responsible for the induction of nephrogenic mesenchyme during embryonic kidney development. Gene knock-out studies showed that OP-1 null mutant mice die of renal failure within the first day of postnatal life. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of recombinant human OP-1 for the treatment of acute renal failure after 60 min bilateral renal artery occlusion in rats. Bioavailability studies in normal rats indicate that approximately 1.4 microg OP-1/ml is available in the circulation 1 min after intravenous administration of 250 microg/kg, which then declines steadily with a half life of 30 min. About 0.5% of the administered OP-1 dose/g tissue is targeted for OP-1 receptors in the kidney. We show that OP-1 preserves kidney function, as determined by reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and increased survival rate when administered 10 min before or 1 or 16 h after ischemia, and then at 24-h intervals up to 72 h after reperfusion. Histochemical and molecular analyses demonstrate that OP-1: (a) minimizes infarction and cell necrosis, and decreases the number of plugged tubules; (b) suppresses inflammation by downregulating the expression of intercellular adhesive molecule, and prevents the accumulation and activity of neutrophils; (c) maintains the expression of the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in pericellular capillaries; and (d) reduces programmed cell death during the recovery. Collectively, these data suggest that OP-1 prevents the loss of kidney function associated with ischemic injury and may provide a basis for the treatment of acute renal failure.

Functional links between Disabled-2 Ser723 phosphorylation and thrombin signaling in human platelets.

Essentials Disabled-2 (Dab2) phosphorylation status in thrombin signaling of human platelet was investigated. Ser723 was the major Dab2 phosphorylation site in human platelets stimulated by thrombin. Dab2 S723 phosphorylation (pS723) caused the dissociation of Dab2-CIN85 protein complex. Dab2-pS723 regulated ADP release and integrin αIIbß3 activation in thrombin-treated platelets. SUMMARY: Background Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a platelet protein that is functionally involved in thrombin signaling in mice. It is unknown whether or not Dab2 undergoes phosphorylation during human platelet activation. Objectives To investigate the phosphorylation status of Dab2 and its functional consequences in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Methods Dab2 was immunoprecipitated from resting and thrombin-stimulated platelet lysates for differential isotopic labeling. After enrichment of the phosphopeptides, the phosphorylation sites were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The corresponding phospho-specific antibody was generated. The protein kinases responsible for and the functional significance of Dab2 phosphorylation were defined by the use of signaling pathway inhibitors/activators, protein kinase assays, and various molecular approaches. Results Dab2 was phosphorylated at Ser227, Ser394, Ser401 and Ser723 in thrombin-stimulated platelets, with Ser723 phosphorylation being the most significantly increased by thrombin. Dab2 was phosphorylated by protein kinase C at Ser723 in a Gαq -dependent manner. ADP released from the stimulated platelets further activated the Gßγ -dependent pathway to sustain Ser723 phosphorylation. The Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa (CIN85) bound to Dab2 at a motif adjacent to Ser723 in resting platelets. The consequence of Ser723 phosphorylation was the dissociation of CIN85 from the Dab2-CIN85 complex. These molecular events led to increases in fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation in thrombin-stimulated platelets by regulating αIIb ß3 activation and ADP release. Conclusions Dab2 Ser723 phosphorylation is a key molecular event in thrombin-stimulated inside-out signaling and platelet activation, contributing to a new function of Dab2 in thrombin signaling.

Frequency distributions of tetracycline-based measurements: implications for the interpretation of bone formation indices in the absence of double-labeled surfaces.

The frequency distributions of mineral apposition rate (MAR) and mineralizing surface (MS), measured separately on the intracortical, endocortical, and cancellous surfaces in 46 normal subjects and 79 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, indicated that MAR has a finite lower limit of 0.3 mu/day (uncorrected for section obliquity) but that MS has no finite lower limit. We conclude that in the absence of labels MAR, and indices derived from it, must be treated as missing values, but that MS and indices with MS in the numerator should be allowed to take values of zero. To avoid infinite values for indices with MS in the denominator, we propose that osteoid mineralization rate (the reciprocal of mineralization lag time) and osteoblast vigor (the reciprocal of formation period) be used instead. For surfaces with genuine single labels (SL) but no double labels, we propose that MS is calculated as SL/2 and that for MAR either the lower limit of 0.3 or the mean measured value from other surfaces be used for calculating derived indices.

Bone resorption and formation on the periosteal envelope of the ilium: a histomorphometric study in healthy women.

Continuation of net periosteal bone gain after cessation of longitudinal growth has been inferred from sequential radiographic morphometry. Accordingly, we performed histomorphometry of the periosteal surfaces of transilial bone biopsies from 57 healthy women aged 24-74 years, 29 premenopausal and 28 postmenopausal. Compared to the endocortical surface, the extents of eroded and osteoid surfaces were very similar, but the extents of osteoclast- and osteoblast-covered surfaces were 80-90% smaller, and both wall thickness and osteoid thickness were about 30% lower. Double tetracycline labels were present in only 11 cases. The second (demethylchlortetracycline) label was almost four times as long as the first (oxytetracycline) label, a much greater difference than on the endocortical surface, so that the extent of mineralizing surface was based only on the second label. Even so, adjusted apposition rates and bone formation rates were only about 20% of the endocortical values, and unlike the endocortical surface, formation rates were not higher in the postmenopausal than in the premenopausal women. Resorption, reversal, and formation periods were each much longer than on the endocortical surface. There was no correlation between periosteal and endocortical values for any variable. At least 54% of total cement line length was scalloped, implying reversal of remodeling direction from resorption to formation, and at least 18% of total cement line length was smooth, implying temporary arrest of bone formation. Convincing evidence of modeling, related to growth or mechanical stimulation, was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Idiopathic acquired diffuse osteosclerosis in a young woman.

We describe a young woman who acquired a painful, diffuse osteosclerosis of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, pelvis, and long bones of the legs as an adult. Bone densitometry showed a large increase in apparent bone density. Skeletal radiographs demonstrated progressive endosteal and periosteal thickening of the cortices. A bone scan showed increased uptake of radiolabel. The serum total alkaline phosphatase and 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels were substantially elevated and the immunoreactive PTH was mildly elevated. Bone biopsy showed increased bone turnover, especially on endocortical and intracortical surfaces, but the structural indices were normal. By 4 years after presentation the bone pain had remitted and the serum alkaline phosphatase, 1,25-(OH)2D3, and PTH were normal. No cause for the occurrence of osteosclerosis in this patient could be found.

A new method for measuring cancellous bone erosion depth: application to the cellular mechanisms of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

We have devised a new method for measurement of final depth of erosion in cancellous bone with an intra-individual precision of 4.3% and applied it to determine the mechanism of continuing reduction in trabecular thickness after menopause. Mean erosion depth (SD) was 40.8 (2.0) microns in 10 healthy postmenopausal women and 41.4 (2.1) microns in 10 age-matched patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis; the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, wall thickness, using a method based on density differences between new and old bone, was 39.5 (2.0) microns in the normal subjects and 35.3 (2.0) microns in the patients with osteoporosis (p less than 0.0001). The balance per remodeling cycle (delta BMU) was -1.34 (2.49) microns in the normal subjects and -6.11 (1.95) microns in the patients with osteoporosis. This difference was also highly significant (p less than 0.001). Indirect estimations of erosion depth and delta BMU, based on the fall in trabecular thickness from an assumed premenopausal value of 147 microns and the number of remodeling cycles accumulated since menopause, agreed closely with the measured values. Erosion depth measured by the Eriksen method also showed no significant difference between the two groups, but because the values were substantially higher delta BMU was improbably high in both groups, did not differ significantly between groups, and was inconsistent with the observed difference in trabecular thickness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Structural and geometric changes in iliac bone: relationship to normal aging and osteoporosis.

We measured indices of bone volume (cancellous and cortical) and bone surface (cancellous, endocortical, and intracortical) in intact, full-thickness transiliac bone biopsies obtained from 47 healthy white women (23 premenopausal and 24 postmenopausal) and 82 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the normal subjects there was the expected loss of cancellous bone with age, best shown by a reduction in bone surface/tissue volume, but no fall in cortical thickness with age despite a significant reduction in forearm bone density measured by single-photon absorptiometry. Bone surface/bone volume was about four times higher in cancellous than in cortical bone, and cancellous bone contributed about one-third of the total bone volume and about two-thirds of the bone surface when related to the core volume referent. In the osteoporotic patients, core width, an index of iliac bone thickness at the biopsy site, was reduced by 10%, but we could not determine whether this was the result of compaction of the core or of bone slenderness. All indices of bone volume, cortical as well as cancellous, were significantly smaller, as were the values for forearm bone densitometry; the relative deficits at different sites depended on whether they were expressed as percentages or as zeta scores. Bone surface/bone volume was increased in both cancellous and cortical bone, but bone surface/tissue volume was reduced in cancellous bone and increased in cortical bone. The proportions of total bone volume and surface contributed by cancellous and cortical bone were almost the same as in normal postmenopausal women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of ethnicity and age or menopause on osteoblast function, bone mineralization, and osteoid accumulation in iliac bone.

We measured histologic indices of osteoblast function, bone mineralization, and osteoid accumulation separately on the cancellous, endocortical, and intracortical subdivisions of the endosteal envelope and on the combined total surface in transiliac biopsies obtained after double tetracycline labeling in 142 healthy women, aged 20-74 years, 34 who were black (19 pre- and 15 postmenopausal) and 108 white (42 pre- and 66 postmenopausal). The data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance of the four groups defined by age/menopause and ethnicity. Also, linear regressions of selected variables on age and between functionally related but independently measured variables were examined. None of the interaction terms was significant, and none of the regression slopes on age differed between blacks and whites, indicating that, as for the previously reported structural and remodeling indices, the effects of ethnicity and of age/menopause are independent. Accordingly, the data were analyzed separately for the effects of ethnicity (pre- and postmenopausal combined) and age/menopause (blacks and whites combined). The analyses led to the following conclusions (1) Osteoid surface and volume were higher and adjusted apposition rate and osteoid mineralization rate lower in postmenopausal than in premenopausal subjects, but none of the indices of osteoid accumulation differed between blacks and whites. (2) Each index of osteoid accumulation was significantly correlated with its primary independently measured kinetic determinant (osteoid thickness with adjusted apposition rate, osteoid surface/bone surface with activation frequency, and osteoid volume/bone volume with bone formation rate/bone volume). None of the regression parameters differed significantly between blacks and whites. (3) The ratio of mineralizing surface to osteoid surface (MS/OS) was substantially lower in all demographic groups than could be accounted for by the later onset of mineralization than of matrix apposition at individual bone forming sites. (4) The low values for MS/OS can be explained by terminal mineralization being too slow to trap enough tetracycline molecules to produce detectable fluorescence, and do not require that mineralization be interrupted. (5) MS/OS was about 25% lower in blacks than in whites on all surfaces with corresponding differences in derived indices based on MS/OS, including adjusted apposition rate, mineralization lag time, and formation period. (6) The lower values for MS/OS in blacks are most likely due to slower terminal mineralization. This could not be accounted for by a lower serum level of calcidiol, but is consistent with the reported effect of reduced bone blood flow. (7) All differences in bone cell function between blacks and whites that we have observed could be the result of the ethnic, and presumably genetic, difference in bone accumulation during growth. Higher bone mass would result in less fatigue microdamage, less need for repair by directed bone remodeling, lower bone turnover, lower bone blood flow, and slower terminal mineralization. (8) If this explanation is correct, there are no fundamental differences in the biology of bone remodeling between ethnic groups.

Effect of prostaglandin E1 on regional haversian remodeling in beagles with fractured ribs: a histomorphometric study.

A histomorphometric study was carried out on healing defects in the ribs of beagles. A transverse fracture was made surgically in the midshaft of the left 9th and 10th ribs. Ten beagles received injections of either a buffer vehicle (n = 4) or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at a dose of 0.4 mg/day locally (n = 6) into the fracture sites for a 10-day period and were killed 30 days after the surgery. Double-pulsed fluorescent labels were given with each of two fluochrome markers, calcein before surgical treatment and oxytetracycline hydrochloride before killing. The objectives were to determine manifestations of the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) as changes in regional remodeling in the haversian envelope induced by fracture, effects of PGE1 on modification of the RAP in the haversian envelope, and systemic effects of PGE1 on remodeling changes of the contralateral matching sites. The differences in haversian remodeling between the injured and uninjured ribs of the experimental dogs indicated an increase in activation frequency, that is, regional acceleratory phenomenon. The significant effect of PGE1 on enhancing fracture-induced acceleration of haversian remodeling was doubtful, because of the preexistent biologic differences found in the two experimental groups. Nevertheless, the two groups shared a similar pattern of remodeling activity. The posttraumatic mineralization that declined at the sampled sites need further investigation.

A unique case of adult hypophosphatemic osteomalacia.

A 36-year-old Russian man presented with neck and low back pain in September 1990. He was of normal stature, and there were no stigmata of rickets. The family history was negative for bone disease. He was found to have hypophosphatemia (2.3 mg/dl), impaired phosphate reabsorption (TmP/GFR 2.08), hyperphosphatasemia (254 IU/l), normocalcemia, normal vitamin D metabolite levels, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinically, his spinal movements were quite impaired and there was moderate proximal muscle weakness. On skeletal radiographs, there was generalized osteosclerosis and multiple ligamentous calcifications. Transiliac biopsy was diagnostic for severe osteomalacia. He was treated with oral phosphate (240 mEq daily) and calcitriol (4 micrograms daily) with resultant very slow clinical, biochemical, and histomorphologic improvement. The patient had hypophosphatemic osteomalacia with some features of X-linked hypophosphatemia, but sporadic and of relatively late onset. The osteopenia, height loss, incapacitating weakness, and glycinuria that are characteristics of sporadic adult onset nonfamilial hypophosphatemia, with or without an associated tumor, and the low serum calcitriol levels that may be an additional characteristic of tumor-induced osteomalacia were absent. Other known causes of acquired renal tubular dysfunction were ruled out. The etiology, pathogenesis, and nosology of the disorder remain obscure, but treatment based on experience with other forms of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia was ultimately effective.

Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) stimulates periodontal wound healing in class III furcation defects.

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and is a potent modulator of osteogenesis and bone cell differentiation. This preclinical study in dogs sought to assess the effects of OP-1 on periodontal wound healing in surgically created critical size Class III furcation defects. Eighteen male beagle dogs were subjected to the creation of bilateral mandibular 5 mm osseous defects. A split-mouth design was utilized which randomly assigned opposing quadrants to control therapy (surgery alone or collagen vehicle) or 1 of 3 ascending concentrations of OP-1 in a collagen vehicle (0.75 mg OP-1/g collagen, 2.5 mg/g, or 7.5 mg/g). Thus, 9 quadrants per test group received OP-1, 9 quadrants per control group received surgery alone, and 9 quadrants received collagen vehicle alone. Test articles were delivered by a surgeon masked to the treatment, and fluorogenic bone labels were injected at specified intervals post-treatment. Eight weeks after defect creation and OP-1 delivery, tissue blocks of the mandibulae were taken for masked histomorphometric analysis to assess parameters of periodontal regeneration (e.g., bone height, bone area, new attachment formation, and percent of defect filled with new bone). Histomorphometry revealed limited evidence of osteogenesis, cementogenesis, and new attachment formation in either vehicle or surgery-alone sites. In contrast, sites treated with all 3 concentrations of OP-1 showed pronounced stimulation of osteogenesis, regenerative cementum, and new attachment formation. Lesions treated with 7.5 mg/g of OP-1 in collagen regenerated 3.9+/-1.7 mm and 6.1+/-3.4 mm2 (mean +/-S.D.) of linear bone height and bone area, respectively. Furthermore, these differences were statistically different from both control therapies for all wound healing parameters (P < 0.0001). No significant increase in tooth root ankylosis was found among the treatment groups when compared to the surgery-alone group. We conclude that OP-1 offers promise as an attractive candidate for treating severe periodontal lesions.

Producing frozen sections of calcified bone.

We describe a procedure for the rapid production and maintenance of fresh frozen bone biopsies which can be used for a variety of immunohistochemical techniques. Within 5 min of excision, tissue is placed in cold 5% polyvinyl alcohol, surrounded with 3% carboxymethylcellulose in a hand made aluminum foil embedding mold and frozen by immersion in an absolute ethanol/dry ice slurry at -70 C. The tissue block is attached to the specimen stub with cryocompound and installed in a -32 C cryostat whose tungsten carbide D profile knife is maintained at -70 C. Automatic controls are set at a slow cutting speed and the "sectioning window" is adjusted to fit the biopsy size. Knife angle, thickness gauge and antiroll bar are changed to produce a complete section. The block face is smoothly "papered" with a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) impregnated Ross lens paper strip. A single section is cut and positioned on a sequentially numbered, acid cleaned, double dipped chrome-alum gelatin coated slide; adhesion is aided by "press-blotting" with bibulous paper. Sections are stored at -20 C or in a desiccator at room temperature. A brief fixation followed by removal of the water soluble PVP and lens paper generates fresh frozen bone sections suitable for further analysis.

Effect of prostaglandin E2 on rib fracture healing in beagles: histomorphometric study on periosteum adjacent to the fracture site.

A histomorphometric study was done on healing defects in the ribs of Beagles. A transverse fracture was made in the left 9th and 10th ribs. Beagles were given either ethanol vehicle (n = 6) or prostaglandin (PG) E2 orally (n = 5) for the 30-day period after surgical manipulation to time of necropsy. Double fluorescent labels to measure bone matrix mineralization were given with each of 2 fluorochrome markers--calcein before dogs were surgically manipulated and oxytetracycline hydrochloride before they were euthanatized. The objectives were to determine the effects of fracture on regional remodeling in the periosteum, the effects of PGE2 on the regional remodeling changes in the periosteum induced by the fracture, and the systemic effect of PGE2 on remodeling changes of the contralateral matching sites. The fracture in the nontreated dogs (ethanol only) stimulated remodeling activity in the periosteum with increased resorption (P less than 0.01). However, after surgical manipulation (necropsy) was done, the extent of mineralization on the bone surface was decreased and was decreased more on the nonfractured ribs (right side) than on the fractured (healing) ribs (left side) (P less than 0.05). In the treated dogs, the administration of PGE2 increased the extent of mineralization on the bone surface on the healing ribs. However, as in the nontreated dogs, the administration of PGE2 did not alter the decreasing pattern of mineralization when comparing the bone surfaces at necropsy with the bone surfaces before surgical manipulation was done.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the periosteal regional acceleratory phenomenon in fractured ribs: histomorphometric study in beagles.

Transverse fractures were made surgically in the midshaft of the left 9th and 10th ribs in adult Beagles. A buffer vehicle (n = 4) or 0.2 mg of prostaglandin (PG) E1/day (n = 6) was injected into the fracture sites twice a day for 10 days, and dogs were euthanatized on day 30. Double-pulsed fluorescent labels were given with each of 2 fluorochrome markers--calcein before surgical treatment and oxytetracycline HCl before euthanasia. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out on specimens collected in adjacent regions of the healing defects. The surface extent and width of the osteoid on fractured (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.05, respectively) and nonfractured (P less than 0.05) sites in the treated group were greater than those in the nontreated group. The net loss of mineralizing surfaces was noticed on both ribs of both groups. Of 11 samples on the fractured side in the treated group, 4 contained periosteal new bone proliferation. There was increased osteoid formation and decreased mineralizing surfaces in the PGE1-treated group. Seemingly, administration of PGE1 induced bone matrix formation on periosteal envelope adjacent to a fracture site and its contralateral matching site.

Effects of prostaglandins on regional remodeling changes during tibial healing in beagles: a histomorphometric study.

A histomorphometric study was carried out on bone samples in the region of healing defects in the tibias of beagles of various ages. A 5 mm diameter drill hole defect was made in the mid-shaft of the tibia. Eleven of the beagles received either vehicle (n = 6) or prostaglandin E2 orally (n = 5) for the 30-day period from surgery to time of necropsy. Ten dogs received local injections of vehicle (n = 4) or prostaglandin E1 directly into the defects for the first 10 days after surgery. Double labels were given with each of two fluochrome markers, calcein prior to surgical treatment, and oxytetracycline hydrochloride prior to 30-day sacrifice. The regional remodeling changes were evaluated in 40-50 micron thick cross-sections taken 2 cm proximal to the defect and matching samples from the contralateral side. In the controls, the changes were variable and reflected primarily increased formation on the surfaces of the cortex. Cortical endosteal bone formation, as indicated by oxytetracycline labeling, was increased in both control groups and there was an increase in labeling in the periosteal and haversian envelopes as well, in the local injection control group. In the dogs given prostaglandin E2 orally, there was increased periosteal bone formation in addition to increased cortical-endosteal formation. When healing sides were compared to controls, prostaglandin E2-treated dogs also had increased osteoid formation in all three envelopes and increased resorption surface in the cortical endosteal envelope, indicating accelerated remodeling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PGE2 induces regional remodeling changes in haversian envelope: a histomorphometric study of fractured ribs in beagles.

A histomorphometric study was carried out in the region of healing defects in the ribs of Beagles. A transverse fracture was made in the left 9th and 10th ribs. Eleven Beagles received either ethanol vehicle (n = 6) or PGE2 orally (n = 5) for the 30 day period from surgery to time of necropsy. Double-pulsed labels were given with each of two fluochrome markers, calcein prior to surgical treatment and oxytetracycline hydrochloride prior to euthanasia. The objectives were to determine the effects of fracture on regional remodeling in the haversian envelope; to determine the effects of PGE2 on the regional remodeling changes in the haversian envelope; and to determine the systemic effects of PGE2 on remodeling changes of the contralateral matching sites. The remodeling changes after surgically induced fracture were relatively insignificant between the injured and uninjured sides in the non-treated dogs as well as in the PGE2 treated group. This may be attributable to the global effect of a fracture. However, there were significantly slower rates of mineral apposition (P less than 0.05) and a longer period for osteon formation time (P less than 0.05) on the injured side compared to the uninjured side of the PGE2 treated dogs. The remodeling activities were increased on both sides in the PGE2 treated dogs when compared to the non-treated ones with more remodeling sites per unit cortical area (P less than 0.01), and a higher turnover rate (shorter total remodeling period in days) with a faster resorption rate and a net increase in mineral apposition rates at the end of the experiment (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)