Mesonia maritima sp. nov., isolated from seawater of the South Sea of Korea.

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, originally designated 15-S14-6T, was isolated from the southern coastal waters of Korea and was subjected to taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain 15-S14-6T was Gram-staining-negative, flagellated, rod-shaped and aerobic. The strain grew optimally at 25-30 °C, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.5-8.0. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that 15-S14-6T represented a member of the genus Mesonia and exhibited the highest sequence similarity (98.0 %) with Mesonia aquimarina IMCC1021T, followed by Mesonia mobilis KMM 6059T (96.7 %) and Mesonia phycicola MDSW-25T (96.1 %). DNA-DNA relatedness between 15-S14-6T and M. aquimarina IMCC1021T was 11.2±1.6 % (12.3±0.3 % in a reciprocal experiment). Strain 15-S14-6T had a DNA G+C content of 34.4 mol% and had MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. Furthermore, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 were identified as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids, an unknown phospholipid and four other unknown lipids were determined to be the major polar lipids. Based on phenotypic properties and phylogenetic data presented here, 15-S14-6T represents a novel species within the genus Mesonia , for which the name Mesonia maritima sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15-S14-6T (= KCCM 43197T, NCAIM B.02633T, CGMCC 1.16020T).

Amycolatopsis acidiphila sp. nov., a moderately acidophilic species isolated from coal mine soil.

Little is known on members of the genus Amycolatopsis inhabiting acidic habitats. In this study, a moderately acidophilic Amycolatopsis strain, designated 2-5T, was isolated from coal mine soil, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain was most closely related to the type strain of Amycolatopsis bartoniae, sharing 99.30 % similarity, while similarity to all other Amycolatopsis species was less than 97 %. The DNA-DNA relatedness between the new isolate and the type strain of A. bartoniae was 56.5±0.7 %. The optimal pH range of the isolate for growth was 5.5-6.0, but growth also occurred at pH 4.5 and 7.5. The isolate tolerated up to 6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %), and the temperature range for growth was 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C). The isolate was able to utilize most substrates tested for sole carbon sources, showing its metabolic versatility. The isolate exhibited antimicrobial activity against Serratia marcescens and weak antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum. The chemotaxonomic profiles of strain 2-5T included polar lipids containing phosphatidylethanolamine, phsphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol dimannosides, fatty acids containing C17 : 1ω6c and iso-C16 : 0 as the major components, MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone, and meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose as the diagnostic diamino acid and sugars in the cell wall. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that the isolate merits recognition as represnting a novel species of Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis acidiphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2-5T (=KCTC 39523T=JCM 30562T).

Stachybotrysin, an Osteoclast Differentiation Inhibitor from the Marine-Derived Fungus Stachybotrys sp. KCB13F013.

Two new phenylspirodrimane derivatives, stachybotrysin (1) and stachybotrylactone B (2), were isolated from the cultures of the marine-derived fungus Stachybotrys sp. KCB13F013. The structures were determined by analyzing the spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR and MS) and chemical transformation, including the modified Mosher's method and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Compound 1 exhibited an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophage cells via suppressing the RANKL-induced activation of p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38, c-Fos, and NFATc1.

Lutibacter oricola sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from seawater.

A bacterial strain, UDC377(T), was isolated from seawater samples collected at Seo-do on the coast of Dokdo island in the East Sea, and was subjected to taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain UDC377(T) was pale-yellow, Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and aerobic. The strain grew optimally at 25-28 °C, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0-7.5. Strain UDC377(T) produced carotenoid pigments; however, it did not produce flexirubin-type pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain UDC377(T) clustered with members of the genus Lutibacter and appeared most closely related to Lutibacter agarilyticus KYW566(T) (96.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) followed by L. aestuarii MA-My1(T) (95.0 %), L. litoralis CL-TF09(T) (94.9 %), L. maritimus S7-2(T) (94.1 %) and L. flavus IMCC1507(T) (94.0 %). The DNA G+C content of strain UDC377(T) was 30.8 mol%. Strain UDC377(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids and six unknown lipids as the major polar lipids. Based on phenotypic properties and phylogenetic data presented, strain UDC377(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lutibacter, for which the name Lutibacter oricola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UDC377(T) ( = DSM 24956(T) = KCTC 23668(T)).

Umboniibacter roseus sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater.

A Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, dark pink-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterial isolate, designated 14-121-B13T, was isolated from surface seawater off the coast of the South Sea at Namhae-gun, Republic of Korea. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive and required NaCl for growth. Strain 14-121-B13T grew optimally at 30 °C, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.5-8.0.Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 14-121-B13T clustered with the type strain of Umboniibacter marinipuniceus, with which it exhibited 96.7 % sequence similarity. The DNA G+C content of strain 14-121-B13T was 48.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-7 and the polar lipids detected in strain 14-121-B13T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, unidentified phospholipids, unidentified aminophospholipids and unidentified lipids. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data presented, strain 14-121-B13T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus, Umboniibacter for which the name Umboniibacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 14-121-B13T ( = DSM 29882T = KCTC 42467T).

Lewinella xylanilytica sp. nov., a member of the family Saprospiraceae isolated from coastal seawater.

An orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 13-9-B8T, was isolated from a seawater sample collected at Marado, Jeju Island, South Korea. The novel strain was Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, non-gliding, rod-shaped and aerobic. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain clustered with members of the genus Lewinella of the family Saprospiraceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to the species Lewinella marina (95.6 % similarity to the type strain). Strain 13-9-B8T grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain 13-9-B8T contained MK-7 as the predominant menquinone and summed feature 3, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The polar lipids detected in strain 13-9-B8T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and eight unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 13-9-B8T was 59.1 mol%. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data presented, strain 13-9-B8T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lewinella, for which the name Lewinella xylanilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 13-9-B8T ( = DSM 29526T = KCTC 32663T).

Gramella aestuariivivens sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated BG-MY13(T), was isolated from a tidal flat sediment on the South Sea, South Korea. Strain BG-MY13(T) grew optimally at 30-35 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BG-MY13(T) falls within the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genus Gramella . Strain BG-MY13(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequ4ence similarity values of 96.9-97.8% to the type strains of Gramella echinicola , Gramella gaetbulicola , Gramella portivictoriae and Gramella marina and of 94.6-96.5% to the type strains of other species of the genus Gramella with validly published names. Strain BG-MY13(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain BG-MY13(T) was 38.9 mol% and DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of G. echinicola , G. gaetbulicola , G. portivictoriae and G. marina were 12-23%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain BG-MY13(T) is separated from other species of the genus Gramella . On the basis of the data presented, strain BG-MY13(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Gramella , for which the name Gramella aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BG-MY13(T) ( = KCTC 42285(T) = NBRC 110677(T)).

Donghicola tyrosinivorans sp. nov., a tyrosine-degrading bacterium isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, strain 13-93-B1T, was isolated from seawater off Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, and was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study. Cells formed ivory colonies and were ovoid to rod-shaped. The strain was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and grew optimally at 30 °C, in the presence of 1-2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0-7.5. It did not synthesize bacteriochlorophyll a. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 13-93-B1T clustered with the type strain Donghicola eburneus SW-277T (97.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization between strain 13-93-B1T and D. eburneus KCTC 12735T was 33.1 ± 1.4 % (35.2 ± 2.8 % in a reciprocal experiment). The predominant cellular fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c; 76.9 %). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10 and polar lipids detected in strain 13-93-B1T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 13-93-B1T was 60.4 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data presented, strain 13-93-B1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Donghicola, for which the name Donghicola tyrosinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 13-93-B1T ( = DSM 100212T = KCTC 42571T).

Haenamindole, an unusual diketopiperazine derivative from a marine-derived Penicillium sp. KCB12F005.

During the chemical investigation of marine-derived fungus, an unusual diketopiperazine (DKP) alkaloid, haenamindole (1), was isolated from a culture of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. KCB12F005. The structure of 1, which possesses benzyl-hydroxypiperazindione and phenyl-pyrimidoindole rings system in the molecule, was elucidated by analysis of NMR and MS data. The stereochemistry of 1 was determined by ROESY and advanced Marfey's method.

Antarctobacter jejuensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater in Jeju, Korea.

A novel bacterium, designated strain 13-2-B6(T), was isolated from seawater adjacent to Songak Mountain on Jeju Island, South Korea. The novel strain was observed to be Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile with a single polar flagellum. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 13-2-B6(T) was determined to be phylogenetically closely related to the type strain of Antarctobacter heliothermus, currently the sole species of the genus Antarctobacter (family Rhodobacteraceae). Sequence similarity between the 16S rRNA genes of strain 13-2-B6(T) and A. heliothermus EL-219(T) is 96.9 %. Strain 13-2-B6(T) was found to grow optimally at 25-30 °C, pH 7.0-8.0 and 3 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone in strain 13-2-B6(T) was identified as ubiquinone Q-10 and the major fatty acids were identified as C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids, two unknown phospholipids, an unknown glycolipid and an unknown lipid were found to be components of the polar lipid profile. The G + C content of strain 13-2-B6(T) was determined to be 62 mol %. On the basis of its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 13-2-B6(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Antarctobacter, for which the name Antarctobacter jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 13-2-B6(T) (=KCTC 42009(T) =JCM 19898(T)).

Low-dose radiation suppresses Pokemon expression under hypoxic conditions.

Our previous data demonstrated that CoCl2-induced hypoxia controls endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated and other intracellular factors. One of them, the transcription factor Pokemon, was differentially regulated by low-dose radiation (LDR). There are limited data regarding how this transcription factor is involved in expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) under hypoxic conditions. The purpose of this study was to obtain clues on how Pokemon is involved in the UPR. Pokemon was selected as a differentially expressed gene under hypoxic conditions; however, its regulation was clearly repressed by LDR. It was also demonstrated that both expression of ER chaperones and ER stress sensors were affected by hypoxic conditions, and the same results were obtained when cells in which Pokemon was up- or down-regulated were used. The current state of UPR and LDR research associated with the Pokemon pathway offers an important opportunity to understand the oncogenesis, senescence, and differentiation of cells, as well as to facilitate introduction of new therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.

Nocardioides endophyticus sp. nov. and Nocardioides conyzicola sp. nov., isolated from herbaceous plant roots.

Two Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped actinobacterial strains were isolated from the surface-sterilized roots of mugwort (Artemisia princeps) and horse-weed (Conyza canadensis), and subjected to taxonomic characterization. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolates, designated MWE 3-5(T) and HWE 2-02(T), should be placed in the genus Nocardioides of the family Nocardioidaceae. The strains were closely related to Nocardioides hankookensis DS-30(T), which exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.99 and 99.09 % with strains MWE 3-5(T) and HWE 2-02(T), respectively. The genome relatedness of N. hankookensis DS-30(T) with strain MWE 3-5(T) was 35.8 %, and that with strain HWE 2-02(T) was 36.4 %, whereas that between the two isolates was 43.2 %. Strains MWE 3-5(T) and HWE 2-02(T) possessed MK-8(H4) as the major isoprenoid quinone, and ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The main fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c for strain MWE 3-5(T) and iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C18 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c for strain HWE 2-02(T). Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic studies, the following two novel species are proposed: Nocardioides endophyticus sp. nov. (type strain, MWE 3-5(T) = KCTC 29122(T) = JCM 18532(T)) and Nocardioides conyzicola sp. nov. (type strain, HWE 2-02(T) = KCTC 29121(T) = JCM 18531(T)).

Winogradskyella pulchriflava sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment.

A taxonomic study was conducted on strain EM106(T), isolated from a sediment sample of the East Sea, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EM106(T) belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae and is most closely related to Winogradskyella echinorum KMM 6211(T) and Winogradskyella ulvae KMM 6390(T) (97.8 and 97.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain EM106(T) was 33.3 mol%, and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The polar lipids of EM106(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. DNA-DNA relatedness data indicated that strain EM106(T) represented a distinct species, separate from W. echinorum KMM 6211(T) and W. ulvae KMM 6390(T). Strain EM106(T) possessed iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH as the major cellular fatty acids. The isolate was Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile by gliding. The strain grew at 10-35 °C (optimum, 25 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, 7.5), and with 0.5-5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5-1 % NaCl). The overall physiological features of strain EM106(T) were very similar to those of W. echinorum KMM 6211(T) but only strain EM106(T) had nitrate reductase activity. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain EM106(T) is proposed to represent a novel species, Winogradskyella pulchriflava. The type strain is EM106(T)( = KCTC 23858(T) = NCAIM B 02481(T)).

Marinoscillum luteum sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment.

A novel strain, designated SJP7(T), was isolated from sediment of the Tofua Arc of the Tonga Trench. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed the highest similarity to that of Marinoscillum pacificum KCCM 42325(T) (95.9%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate formed a distinct phyletic line with Marinoscillum pacificum KCCM 42325(T) and Marinoscillum furvescens LMG 13023(T) within the family Cytophagaceae. Cells of strain SJP7(T) were Gram-stain-negative and appeared as long rods that were motile by gliding. Growth was observed at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 0.5-7.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.5-3%). The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C(16:1)ω7c and/or C(16:1)ω6c), iso-C(15:0) and C(16:1)ω5c. The DNA G+C content was 43.5 mol%. These properties support the affiliation of strain SJP7(T) with the genus Marinoscillum. Further phenotypic differentiation of strain SJP7(T) from other species of the genus Marinoscillum was indicated by the results of physiological and biochemical tests. On the basis of evidence from our polyphasic taxonomic study, strain SJP7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Marinoscillum, for which the name Marinoscillum luteum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marinoscillum luteum is SJP7(T) ( =KCTC 23939(T) =NCAIM B02491(T)).

Altererythrobacter troitsensis sp. nov., isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius.

An aerobic, halotolerant, Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and subjected to taxonomic characterization. The strain, designated KMM 6042(T), was rod-shaped, motile and yellow-pigmented. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain was most closely related to the type strain of Altererythrobacter dongtanensis, and the level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two was 99.0 %. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the two strains was 34.4 ± 7.6 %. Physiological and chemotaxonomic properties clearly distinguished the novel strain from other species of the genus Altererythrobacter. It is thus evident from the phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses that strain KMM 6042(T) merits recognition as a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter troitsensis sp. nov. (type strain, KMM 6042(T) = KCTC 12303(T) = JCM 17037(T)) is proposed.

Hoeflea halophila sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from marine sediment of the East Sea, Korea.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, straight or curved rod-shaped marine bacterium was isolated from marine sediment of the East Sea, Korea. The isolated strain, JG120-1(T), grows with 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl and at 15-30 °C and pH 6-9. α-galactosidase activity test was positive. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed that this strain belonged to the Alphaproteobacteria and was the most closely related to Hoeflea alexandrii AM1 V30(T), Hoeflea phototrophica DFL-43(T) and Hoeflea marina LMG 128(T) (98.9, 97.9 and 97.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively). Strain JG120-1(T) was found to possess summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c, 71.11 %) as the major cellular fatty acid. The major ubiquinone was determined to be Q-10. Polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain JG120-1(T) was determined to be 57.8 mol %. DNA-DNA relatedness data indicated that strain JG120-1(T) represents a distinct species that is separate from H. phototrophica DFL-43(T), H. marina LMG128(T) and H. alexandrii AM1 V30(T). On the basis of polyphasic evidences, it is proposed that strain JG120-1(T) (= KCTC 23107(T) = JCM 16715(T)) represents the type strain of a novel species, Hoeflea halophila sp. nov.

Simiduia areninigrae sp. nov., an agarolytic bacterium isolated from sea sand.

During a study intended to screen for agar-degrading bacteria, strain M2-5T was isolated from black sand off the shore of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Strain M2-5T exhibited agarase activity; the ß-agarase gene of the isolate had 62 % amino acid sequence identity to the ß-agarase gene of Microbulbifer thermotolerans JAMB A94T. The isolate was closely related to members of the genus Simiduia but was clearly discernible from reported Simiduia species, based on a polyphasic analysis. Cells of strain M2-5T were Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rods. The DNA G+C content was 53.3 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C17:1ω8c (25.9 %), summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C16:1ω7c; 17.2 %) and C17:0 (15.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain M2-5T had 96.6 % gene sequence similarity to Simiduia agarivorans SA1T, the most closely related type strain of the genus Simiduia. These results suggest that strain M2-5T represents a novel species in the genus Simiduia, for which the name Simiduia areninigrae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is M2-5T (=KCTC 23293T=NCAIM B 02424T).

Shewanella arctica sp. nov., an iron-reducing bacterium isolated from Arctic marine sediment.

Two strains of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, which could couple lactate oxidation to iron reduction for energy conservation, were isolated from Arctic marine sediment. The strains, IR12(T) and IR26, were both Gram-staining-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive and facultative anaerobes. Their cells were rod-shaped and motile by means of a polar flagellum. Both strains grew in the presence of 0.5-3.5 % (w/v) NaCl, with an absolute requirement for Na(+). Both were psychrotolerant since they could grow at 4-28 °C but had an optimum growth temperature of 20 °C. Both grew at pH 4.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5). The major fatty acids of strains IR12(T) and IR26 were summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)ω6c and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c) and C(16 : 0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains IR12(T) and IR26 belonged to the class Gammaproteobacteria and were most closely related to Shewanella vesiculosa M7(T), Shewanella livingstonensis NF22(T) and Shewanella frigidimarina ACAM 591(T) (with 98.5 and 98.8 %, 98.5 and 98.8 %, and 98.5 and 98.8 % sequence similarities, respectively). The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains IR12(T) and IR26 were 40.0 and 40.3 mol%, respectively. DNA-DNA relatedness data indicated that the two novel strains represented a single species that was distinct from S. vesiculosa M7(T), S. livingstonensis NF22(T) and S. frigidimarina ACAM 591(T). Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and DNA-DNA relatedness data, the two new strains represent a single novel species of the genus Shewanella, for which the name Shewanella arctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IR12(T) ( = KCTC 23109(T) = JCM 16723(T)).

Mucilaginibacter angelicae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Angelica polymorpha Maxim.

A Gram-negative-staining, non-motile rod, designated GG-w14(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of Angelica polymorpha Maxim. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate belonged to the genus Mucilaginibacter and exhibited 93.9-97.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with recognized members of the genus Mucilaginibacter (closest relative Mucilaginibacter gossypii Gh-67(T)). DNA-DNA relatedness between strain GG-w14(T) and M. gossypii KCTC 22380(T) was <41%. Strain GG-w14(T) grew at 4-35 °C, at pH 5.0-8.0 and with 0-1% (w/v) NaCl. The isolate hydrolysed casein, CM-cellulose and starch and contained menaquinone 7 as the major menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C(16:1)ω7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH; 39.9%), iso-C(15:0) (24.2%) and iso-C(17:0) 3-OH (12.4%). The DNA G+C content was 42.5 mol%. These data suggest that strain GG-w14(T) should be considered as a representative of a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter angelicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GG-w14(T) (=KCTC 23250(T)=NCAIM B 02415(T)).