Effects of detraining and retraining on muscle energy-sensing network and meteorin-like levels in obese mice.

BACKGROUND: Increased intramuscular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) with exercise directly or indirectly affects other tissues, but the effector pathway of PGC-1α has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and/or dietary change on the protein levels of the soleus muscle energy-sensing network and meteorin-like (Metrnl), and additionally to analyze the detraining and retraining effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. METHODS: One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were divided into normal-diet + sedentary (CO, n = 20) and HFD + sedentary (HF, n = 80) groups, and obesity was induced in the HF group through consumption of a 45% HFD for 6 weeks. The HF group was subdivided into HF only (n = 20), HF + training (HFT, n = 20), dietary change + sedentary (HFND, n = 20), and HFND + training (HFNDT, n = 20) groups, and the mice in the training groups underwent a treadmill training for 8 weeks, 5 times per week, 40 min per day. The HFT and HFNDT groups underwent 8-week training, 8-week detraining, and 4-week retraining. RESULTS: An 8-week training was effective in increasing the protein levels of soleus muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PGC-1α, and plasma Metrnl in the obese mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, exercise in obesity reduced body weight (P < 0.05), and exercise with dietary conversion was effective in reducing body weight (P < 0.05) and fat mass (P < 0.05) after 8-week training. 8-week detraining restored the increased protein level to the pre-exercise state, but, the previous exercise effect in body weight and fat mass (P < 0.05) of the HFNDT group remained until the end of 4-week detraining. 4-week retraining was effective in increasing the protein levels of soleus muscle AMPK, PGC-1α, blood Metrnl (P < 0.05), and reducing in body weight (P < 0.05) and fat mass (P < 0.05), when retraining with dietary change. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that regular exercise is indispensable to reduce body weight and fat mass through upregulation of the muscle energy-sensing network and Metrnl protein levels, and retraining with dietary change is necessary to obtain the retraining effects more quickly.

Exercise training improves intramuscular triglyceride lipolysis sensitivity in high-fat diet induced obese mice.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether regular exercise training enhances intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) lipolysis sensitivity during consumption of a continued high-fat diet by exploring changes in biochemical factors activated by IMTG lipolysis. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into a high-fat diet group (HF) to induce obesity for 6 weeks and a control (CO) group. Thereafter, the HF group was divided into a high-fat diet group (HF) and high-fat diet + training group (HFT). The HFT group was trained on an animal treadmill 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. PKA, Plin5, p-Plin5, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL were analyzed to investigate IMTG sensitivity by western blotting. RESULTS: PKA, CGI-58, and HSL protein levels in the HF group were significantly lower than those in the CO group (p < 0.05). However, PKA, CGI-58, and HSL protein levels in the HFT group were significantly higher than those in the HF group, and ATGL and p-Plin5 protein levels as well as the p-Plin5/Plin5 ratio in the HFT group were significantly higher than those in the HF group (p < 0.05). In addition, the HF group showed a significantly higher IMTG volume than the CO and HFT groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in an obese mouse model, 8 weeks of treadmill exercise contributes to decreased IMTG volume by activating lipolysis factors, such as PKA, PLIN5, CGI-58, and lipases. Therefore, regular exercise training may play an important role in obesity treatment by increasing IMTG lipolysis sensitivity.

The effects of detraining and training on adipose tissue lipid droplet in obese mice after chronic high-fat diet.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that exercise promotes lipolysis by stimulating the lipid droplet (LD) signaling pathway. However, few studies have been conducted to examine the effect of detraining with high fat diet (HFD) and training effects after long-term HFD. Here, we investigated the effect of detraining and training on adipose tissue LD pathway in diet-induced obese mice after continuous HFD. METHODS: Seventy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into a Normal diet + Sedentary group (ND, n = 10) or a High-fat diet + Sedentary group (HF, n = 50); in the HF group, obesity was induced by a 45% fat chow for six weeks. For the subsequent eight weeks, the HF group was randomly subdivided into an HF (n = 30) or an HF + training group (HFT, n = 20), and the HFT group was subjected to treadmill training while on an HFD. Following this eight-week period, the HFT group stopped exercising (HFT-DT group, n = 10), and the mice in the HF group were randomly subdivided into an HF (n = 10) or an HF + training group (HF-T, n = 10). After training and detraining, abdominal visceral fat was obtained and analyzed by histological staining and western blot. RESULTS: Treadmill exercise decreased body weight and fat mass (P <0.05), and increased the levels of PKA, perilipin1, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL (P <0.05) after eight weeks of training. Following eight weeks of detraining, the levels of PKA and HSL were decreased (P <0.05); however, exercise after chronic HFD increased the levels of PKA, perilipin1, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL (P <0.05), and decreased body weight and fat mass (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of dietary restrictions, exercise is an effective treatment for obesity, owing to the regulation of LD signaling proteins. Moreover, the effects of regular exercise after chronic HFD were similar to those of exercise in the absence of HFD. Therefore, although obesity is induced by chronic HFD, exercise without dietary change is sufficiently effective for obesity treatment regardless of the preceding HFD period.

Effects of combined open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain training using pulley exercise machines on muscle strength and angiogenesis factors.

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of combined open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain training using pulley exercise machines on muscle strength, anaerobic power, and blood levels of angiogenesis factors. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty male university students were equally divided between control and pulley training groups. The pulley-training group underwent 8 weeks of combined training. Open kinetic chain training consisted of 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% of one repetition maximum; closed kinetic chain training consisted of 2 sets of 10 repetitions of resistance exercise using the subject's own body weight. Isokinetic strength (trunk and knee), anaerobic power, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, and follistatin were analyzed. [Results] After 8 weeks, flexor and extensor muscle strength significantly increased in the trunk and knee; average and peak power also increased significantly. Angiopoietin 1 increased 25% in the control group and 48% in the pulley training group; vascular endothelial growth factor and follistatin increased significantly in the pulley-training group after 8 weeks. [Conclusion] Eight weeks of combined training using pulley exercise machines effectively increased biochemical factors related to muscle growth, as well as muscle strength in the trunk and knees.

Impact of different running distances on muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage in amateur marathon runners.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different marathon running distances (10 km, 21 km, and 42.195 km) on muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage in amateur marathon runners. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty male amateur runners were randomly assigned to 10 km, 21 km, and 42 km groups, with 10 subjects in each group. Blood samples were collected before and after the races and on the 3rd day of recovery to examine levels of muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and lymphocyte DNA damage (DNA in the tail, tail length, and tail moment). [Results] Serum creatine kinase, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and tail moment were significantly higher after the races compared with before the races in all groups. In addition, the 42 km group showed significantly higher levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and tail moment than the 10 km and 21 km groups after the races. [Conclusion] Strenuous endurance exercise can cause muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage, and the extent of such damage can increase as running distance increases.

Effects of treadmill exercise on skeletal muscle†mTOR signaling pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular treadmill exercise on skeletal muscle Rictor-Akt and mTOR-Raptor-S6K1 signaling pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. [Subjects and Methods] Four- week-old C57BL/6 mice were adopted and classified into normal diet group (ND, n = 10), normal diet and training group (NDT, n = 10), high-fat diet group (HF, n = 10), and high-fat diet and training group (HFT, n = 10). The exercise program consisted of a treadmill exercise provided at low intensity for 1-4 weeks, and moderate intensity for 5-8 weeks. [Results] The Western blot method was used to measure the expression of mTOR, Raptor, S6K1, Rictor, and Akt proteins in the soleus muscle. mTOR levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in the ND and NDT groups. Raptor/mTORC1 and S6K1 levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in all the other groups. Akt levels were significantly lower in the HF group than in the NDT group. The risk of obesity may be associated with the overactivation of the mTOR-Raptor-S6K1 signaling pathway and a decrease in Akt levels. [Conclusion] This study also indicates that performing aerobic exercise may be associated with the downregulation of the mTOR-Raptor-S6K1 pathway.

Correlation between basic physical fitness and pulmonary function in Korean children and adolescents: a cross-sectional survey.

[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there was a correlation between basic physical fitness and pulmonary function in Korean school students, to present an alternative method for improving their pulmonary function. [Subjects and Methods] Two hundred forty healthy students aged 6-17 years performed physical fitness tests of hand-grip strength, sit and reach, Sargent jump, single leg stance, and pulmonary function tests of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) using a Quark PFT. [Results] Muscle strength and power of boys improved in the late period of elementary school and middle school. Muscle strength of girls improved in the late period of elementary school. Analysis of factors affecting pulmonary function revealed that height, weight, BMI, and body fat significantly correlated with spirometric parameters. Right hand-grip strength, left hand-grip strength, and Sargent jump also significantly correlated with FVC and FEV1. [Conclusion] In order to improve the pulmonary function of children and adolescents, aerobic exercise and an exercise program to increase muscle strength and power is needed, and it should start in the late period of elementary school when muscle strength and power are rapidly increasing.

Effects of Supplementation with BCAA and L-glutamine on Blood Fatigue Factors and Cytokines in Juvenile Athletes Submitted to Maximal Intensity Rowing Performance.

[Purpose] This study was conducted to understand the impacts of BCAA (branched-chain amino acid) and glutamine supplementation on the degree of blood fatigue factor stimulation and cytokines along with performance of exercise at the maximal intensity. [Subjects] Five male juvenile elite rowing athletes participated in this study as the subjects; they took 3 tests and received placebo supplementation (PS), BCAA supplementation (BS), and glutamine supplementation (GS). [Methods] The exercise applied in the tests was 2,000 m of rowing at the maximal intensity using an indoor rowing machine, and blood samples were collected 3 times, while resting, at the end of exercise, and after 30 min of recovery, to analyze the blood fatigue factors (lactate, phosphorous, ammonia, creatine kinase (CK)) and blood cytokines (IL (interleukin)-6, 8, 15). [Results] The results of the analysis showed that the levels of blood phosphorous in the BS and GS groups at the recovery stage were decreased significantly compared with at the end of exercise, and the level of CK appeared lower in the GS group alone at recovery stage than at the end of exercise. The level of blood IL-15 in the PS and BS groups appeared higher at the end of exercise compared with the resting stage. [Conclusion] It seemed that glutamine supplementation had a positive effect on the decrease in fatigue factor stimulation at the recovery stage after maximal intensity exercise compared with supplementation with the placebo or BCAA. Besides, pre-exercise glutamine supplementation seemed to help enhance immune function and the defensive inflammatory reaction.

Exercise training improves cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in type 1 diabetic children.

[Purpose] We investigated the effect exercise training has on cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular risk profiles in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). [Subjects] Fifteen type 1 DM children (all boys; 13.0±1.0 years of age) were enrolled in the study. [Methods] The subjects received exercise training three times a week in a 12-week program. Each child was asked to walk on a treadmill to achieve an exercise intensity of VO2max 60%. ANS activity was measured by power spectral analysis of the electrocardiogram (ECG). Blood samples were obtained for serum lipid profiles. To evaluate Doppler-shifted Fourier pulsatility index (PI) analysis, a 5-MHz continuous wave Doppler (VASCULAB D10) set was used to measure forward blood flow velocity (FLOW) in the radial artery. [Results] Total and low-frequency (LF) power of heart rate variability increased significantly after exercise intervention. Total cholesterol (TC) levels were significant lower after exercise intervention. Total and high-frequency (HF) power were significantly correlated with higher TC levels, but diastolic blood pressure and HF was significantly correlated with lower TC levels. [Conclusion] Regular exercise intervention should be prescribed for children with type 1 DM.

The Effects of 12 Weeks Regular Aerobic Exercise on Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Inflammatory Factors in Juvenile Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks regular aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory factors in juvenile obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity and T2DM, typically common among adults, have recently become more prevalent in the Korean juvenile population, affecting not only their lipid profiles and oxidant stress levels, but also their BDNF and inflammatory factor levels. [Subjects] This study enrolled 26 juveniles (boys = 15, girls = 9) who were assigned to a control group (CG, n = 11), obesity group (OG, n = 8), or T2DM group (TG, n = 7). [Methods] The outcome of a 40-60-minute aerobic exercise session that took place three times per week for 12 weeks at a maximum oxygen intake (VO2max) of 50~60% was investigated. [Results] The exercise resulted in a significant reduction in the resting serum BDNF and TrkB levels (baseline) among juveniles in the OG and TG as compared to those in the CG. Additionally, the 12 weeks of regular aerobic exercise led to significant reductions in body weight, body fat percentage, and body mass index in the OG and a significant increase of VO2max in the OG and TG. However, no significant differences in serum NGF or inflammatory factors were found among the three groups. There was a significant increase in resting serum BDNF levels following the 12 weeks regular exercise only in the OG. [Conclusion] While 12 weeks of regular aerobic exercise had a positive effect on body composition, and increased BDNF levels of juveniles in the OG, it did not affect the inflammatory factor levels and had no effect on the TG.

Exercise training improves leptin sensitivity in peripheral tissue of obese rats.

The present study examined the change to the effect of the leptin sensitivity by leptin resistance-induced leptin receptor (ObRb) and leptin-related suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA levels in hypothalamic, liver, muscle and leptin protein levels in blood after eight 8 weeks of exercise training and/or dietary control of high fat induced obese rats. After 2 weeks of adaptation maintenance, four-week-old male SD rats (n=42) were randomly divided into control (CO) (n=8) and high-fat diet (HF) (n=32) groups. The HF group randomly divided into HF, HF+exercise training (HFT), changed to normal diet (HFND) and changed to normal diet and exercise training (HFNDT) groups. 13 weeks of HF group average body weight significantly increased in comparison to the CO group (p<0.05). Plasma leptin levels of the HFT, HFND and HFNDT group were significantly decreased in comparison to the HF group (p<0.05). The mRNA expression of ObRb and SOCS3 in the liver and muscle of the HF group was significantly decreased comparison to that of the HFT, HFND and HFNDT group after 8 weeks intervention (p<0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression of ObRb and SOCS3 in the hypothalamus of the HF group was significantly increased comparison to that of the HFT, HFND and HFNDT group (p<0.05). HFND group also was significantly reduced comparison to of the HFT and HFNDT group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the effect of leptin sensitivity in peripheral may primarily the more relate to combined dietary control and exercise training more than effect of dietary control.

Effects of exercise and diet change on cognition function and synaptic plasticity in high fat diet induced obese rats.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional imbalance-induced obesity causes a variety of diseases and in particular is an important cause of cognitive function decline. This study was performed on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with 13-weeks of high fat diet-induced obesity in connection to the effects of regular exercise and dietary control for 8 weeks on the synaptic plasticity and cognitive abilities of brain. METHODS: Four weeks-old SD rats were adopted classified into normal-normal diet-sedentary (NNS, n = 8), obesity-high fat diet-sedentary (OHS, n = 8), obesity-high fat diet-training (OHT, n = 8), obesity-normal diet-sedentary (ONS, n = 8) and obesity- normal diet-training (ONT, n = 8). The exercise program consisted of a treadmill exercise administered at a speed of 8 m/min for 1-4 weeks, and 14 m/min for 5-8 weeks. The Western blot method was used to measure the expression of NGF, BDNF, p38MAPK and p-p38MAPK proteins in hippocampus of the brain, and expressions of NGF, BDNF, TrkA, TrkB, CREB and synapsin1 mRNA were analyzed through qRT-PCR. RESULTS: The results suggest cognitive function-related protein levels and mRNA expression to be significantly decreased in the hippocampus of obese rats, and synaptic plasticity as well as cognitive function signaling sub-pathway factors were also significantly decreased. In addition, 8-weeks exercises and treatment by dietary change had induced significant increase of cognitive function-related protein levels and mRNA expression as well as synaptic plasticity and cognitive function signaling sub-pathway factors in obese rats. In particular, the combined treatment had presented even more positive effect. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, it was determined that the high fat diet-induced obesity decreases plasticity and cognitive function of the brain, but was identified as being improved by exercises and dietary changes. In particular, it is considered that regular exercise has positive effects on memory span and learning capacity unlike dietary control.

Alterations of Muscular Strength and Left and Right Limb Balance in Weightlifters after an 8-week Balance Training Program.

[Purpose] Balance is generally defined as the ability to maintain the body's center of gravity within its base of support and may be categorized by either static or dynamic balance. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of balance training on strength, and the functional balance ability of elite weightlifters. [Subjects] Thirty-two elite weightlifters were recruited for the present study. They were divided into exercise groups (8 high school students, 8 middle school students) and control groups (8 high school students, 8 middle school students). [Methods] Body compositions were measured by the electrical impedance method, and a Helmas system was used to measure basic physical capacities. The muscular function test was conducted using a Cybex 770. [Results] There were no significant changes in body composition after the training. In contrast, significant changes were found in the number of push-ups, one-leg standing time with eyes closed, and upper body back extension. Interestingly, only the left arm external rotation value after the exercise training program showed a statistically significant difference from the baseline value. [Conclusion] The peak torque values of shoulder internal rotation and knee extension were significantly changed compared to the baseline values, which mean subjects showed balance of their muscular power. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that an 8-week balance-training program would positively affect elite weightlifters' balance ability and flexibility. We think that well-balanced muscular functionality may enhance athletes' sport performance.

The effects of detraining on blood adipokines and antioxidant enzyme in Korean overweight children.

The present study examined the change to clarify the effects of detraining on the concentration of lipid profiles, serum adipokines and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in Korean overweight children. The subjects were normal children (n = 19) and obese children (n = 20) who were further subdivided into the overweight training (OT) group (n = 10) and the overweight detraining (OD) group (n = 10). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max); body composition; lipid profiles (TG, TC); adipokines (adiponectin and leptin); antioxidants (blood and gene expressions SOD and GPX) were measured before, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks after the exercise program. Body mass index (BMI) and %fat were significantly higher in the OD group only. However, waist hip ration (WHR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were significantly decreased in the OT group. TG was significantly decreased in the OT group. There was a significant difference in TG level between the two groups. Besides, adiponectin was significantly increased in both the OT group and the OD group. Furthermore, leptin was significantly decreased in the OT group. There was a significant difference in leptin level between the two groups. In training groups, the expression of SOD was significantly increased after a 12- and 24-week period (p < 0.05). However, detraining group was significantly increased after a 12-week only (p < 0.05). In addition, GPX was significantly increased after a 24-week only in the training group (p < 0.05). Thus, detraining showed that negative effected on body composition and lipid profiles and maintained of uniform period on adipokines and antioxidant enzyme the protein and expression.

Effect of Regular Taekwondo Self-Defense Training on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Postmenopausal Women.

We aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-week Taekwondo self-defense training course on oxidative stress and inflammation in postmenopausal women. Sixteen middle-aged women participated and were randomized into two groups: a control group (CG, n = 8) and a Taekwondo self-defense training group (TSDG, n = 8). The TSDG was trained for 60 min, four times per week, for 12 weeks. Following the Taekwondo training intervention, side-step was significantly higher in the TSDG than in the CG (p < 0.001). Malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower after the intervention than before in the TSDG (p < 0.01). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were also significantly higher after the intervention than before in the TSDG (p < 0.001). After the Taekwondo training intervention, SOD levels were significantly higher in the TSDG than in the CG (p < 0.01). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels were significantly lower after the intervention than before in the TSDG (p < 0.05). After the Taekwondo training intervention, TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the TSDG than in the CG (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that Taekwondo self-defense training is an effective exercise that improves agility, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in postmenopausal women.

Autonomic nervous activity and lipid oxidation postexercise with capsaicin in the humans.

This study evaluated the synergistic effects of acute exercise with capsaicin (200mg) upon the restoration of cardiac autonomic functions and depolarization- repolarization interval as well as substrate oxidation. Nine healthy males [21.9(0.8) yrs] volunteered for this study. Cardiac autonomic activity, metabolic responses, and the ECG QT intervals were continuously measured during 5 min at rest and postexercise recovery after 30 min exercise at 50% VO2max on a stationary ergometer with placebo (ECON) or capsaicin intake (ECAP), and no exercise control (NCON) were randomized. Results indicated that the HF power reflecting parasympathetic activity significantly returned to the baseline much faster during ECAP than ECON trial during postexercise [122.1 (23.2) vs. 60.2 (11.7) %, p < 0.05]. The ECAP trial significantly decreased RQ [0.79(0.02) vs. 0.85 (0.03), p < 0.05] with significantly greater fat oxidation [69.3 (6.0) vs. 49.4 (10.8) %, p < 0.05] in comparison to NCON trial during 120 min postexercise recovery without any adverse effects on cardiac electrical stability as determined by trigger-averaged ECG QT interval analyses. We suggest that capsaicin before the exercise may contribute to the improvement of cardio-protective functions and metabolic responses as one of the beneficial supplements accelerating faster restoration of autonomic activity and enhanced lipolysis during postexercise recovery without any adverse effects on cardiac electrical stability. Key pointsCapsaicin before exercise may contribute to the improvement of cardio-protective functions as one of the beneficial supplements accelerating faster restoration of autonomic activityCapsaicin before exercise enhanced lipolysis during postexercise recovery periodCapsaicin intake does not influence cardiac electrical stability during recovery period.

Circuit resistance exercise improves glycemic control and adipokines in females with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of study was to evaluate whether circuit resistance exercise (CE) improves glycemic control and adipokine levels in comparison with walking exercise (WE) in 15 adult postmenopausal Korean females with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The participants were randomly assigned to either the CE or WE group. Subjects exercised for 1 h, three times per week for 12 weeks. The parameters measured were body composition, respiratory rate, blood glucose, insulin and adipokines. The body composition of the CE group showed a significant reduction (all p < 0.05) in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and percentage of body fat and a significant increase in muscle mass. Respiratory function was also significantly increased in the CE group. Additionally, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) changed favorably in the CE group, as were the concentrations of adipokines such as retinol binding protein 4 (RBP-4) (p < 0.05), adiponectin (p < 0.01), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (p < 0.01). In addition, significant correlations with CE were evident for homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose (r = 0.69, p < 0.001), muscle mass and glucose (r = 0.45, p < 0.05), and muscle mass and HbA1c (r = 0.39, p < 0.05). The beneficial effects of CE include the development of muscle mass, which effectively increases glucose use and reduces the amount of insulin required. Thus, our results suggest that CE improves glycemic control and adipokines resulting from incrementally increased muscle mass and reductions of body weight, BMI and percentage of body fat for T2DM postmenopausal Korean women. Key pointsCE-induced weight loss and muscle mass increment increases the level of adiponectin secreted by adipocytes due to heightened glucose utilization and fat oxidation.Aerobic exercise decreases body weight, fat and adipokines in high intensity and frequency, while resistance exercise decreases these parameters in low intensity, time and frequency.CE can improves glycemic control and adipokines resulting from reduction of body fat postmenopausal Korean women with T2DM.

Capsaicin supplementation fails to modulate autonomic and cardiac electrophysiologic activity during exercise in the obese: with variants of UCP2 and UCP3 polymorphism.

We investigated the effects of capsaicin supplementation (150mg) on alterations of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity associated with adverse effects of cardiac depolarization-repolarization intervals during aerobic exercise in obese humans. Nine obese males (26.1 ± 1.5 yrs) volunteered between study designed. The cardiac ANS activities evaluated by means of heart rate variability of power spectral analysis and cardiac QT interval were continuously measured during 5-min rest and 30-min exercise at 50% of maximal ventilation threshold (50%VTmax) on stationary ergometer with placebo (CON) or capsaicin (CAP) oral administration chosen at random. The uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 and UCP 3 genetic variants of the subjects were analyzed by noninvasive genotyping method from collecting buccal mucosa cells. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in cardiac ANS activities during rest and exercise between CON and CAP trials. Although no significant difference, A/A allele of UCP2 polymorphism showed a reduced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) index activity compared to G/G + G/A allele during exercise intervention in our subjects. On the other hand, the data on cardiac QT interval showed no significant difference, indicating that oral administration of capsaicin did not cause any adverse effect on cardiac depolarization-repolarization. In conclusion, our results suggest that capsaicin supplementation 1 h before exercise intervention has no effect on cardiac ANS activities and cardiac electrical stability during exercise in obese individuals. Further studies should also consider genetic variants for exercise efficacy against obesity. Key pointsObese individuals possess reduced cardiac autonomic nervous activities, especially sympathetic nervous activity associated with thermogenesis induced by capsaicin.Lower sympathetic nervous activity may associate with -866 G/A variants of UCP2 polymorphism.Capsaicin ingestion, however, may consider as a safe nutrient-aid with no adverse effects of cardiac electrical stability.

Alterations of autonomic nervous activity and energy metabolism by capsaicin ingestion during aerobic exercise in healthy men.

We investigated whether capsaicin ingestion (150 mg) enhances substrate oxidation associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity as an energy metabolic modulator without causing prolongation of the cardiac OT interval during aerobic exercise in humans. Ten healthy males [24.4 (4.3) y] volunteered for this study. The cardiac autonomic nervous activities evaluated by means of heart rate variability of power spectral analysis, energy metabolism, and ECG QT interval were continuously measured during 5-min rest and 30-min exercise at 50% of maximal ventilatory threshold (50% VT(max)) on a stationary ergometer with placebo or capsaicin oral administration chosen at random. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in heart rate during rest or exercise between the two trials. Autonomic nervous activity increased in the capsaicin tablet trial during exercise, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Capsaicin, however, significantly induced a lower respiratory gas exchange ratio [0.92 (0.02) vs. 0.94 (0.02), means (SE), p < 0.05] and higher fat oxidation [0.17 (0.04) vs. 0.12 (0.04) g/min, means (SE), p < 0.05] during exercise. On the other hand, the data on the cardiac OT interval showed no significant difference, indicating that oral administration of capsaicin did not cause any adverse effect on cardiac depolarization-repolarization. In conclusion, it may be considered that capsaicin consumption 1 h before low intensity exercise (50% VT(max)) is a valuable supplement for the treatment of individuals with hyperlipidemia and/or obesity because it improves lipolysis without any adverse effects on the cardiac depolarization and repolarization process.

The combined effects of capsaicin, green tea extract and chicken essence tablets on human autonomic nervous system activity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combined capsaicin, green tea, and chicken essence tablets (CCGC) enhance human autonomic nervous activities (ANS) associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity without any adverse effect on the cardiac depolarization-repolarization period. Six healthy males (25.2 +/-1.7 y) volunteered for this experiment. Autonomic nervous activities were examined 5-min at rest per 30-min for total 1.5 h after consuming chicken or CCGC or placebo tablets at random on separate days. Using heart rate variability power spectral analysis, we assessed human autonomic nervous activities. In comparison to chicken essence or placebo tablets, it was observed that the consumption of CCGC significantly increased human autonomic nervous activities [Total power representing over-all ANS activity; CCGC trial 160.2 (50.0) vs. placebo 92.8 (53.3)%, p < 0.05; VLF, very low-frequency power associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity: CCGC trial 235.5 (101.7) vs. chicken 130.5 (52.9)%, p < 0.05; LF, low frequency power representing combined sympatho-vagal activity: CCGC trial 199.8 (59.8) vs. placebo 120.6 (49.2)%, p < 0.05] at 60-min and 90-min. There were no significant differences in heart rate corrected cardiac recovery time (RTc) or QT interval (QTc). In conclusion, the consumption of CCGC enhances thermogenic sympathetic activity compared to that of chicken essence or placebo tablets. Therefore, these results suggest that combined capsaicin, green tea, and chicken essence tablets may be a beneficial food ingredient improving human autonomic nervous activities, particularly thermogenic sympathetic activity as a modulator of energy metabolism without any adverse effects on cardiac electrical stability.