Effect of Perioperative Blood Transfusions in Renal Transplant Patients.

BACKGROUND: In patients eligible for organ transplantation, the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines specifically recommend avoiding red blood cell transfusions (RBCT) when possible to minimize the risk of allosensitization. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of perioperative RBCT on outcomes in living-related kidney transplantation (LRKT) recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 97 patients who underwent LRKT and whose data were evaluable at our institution between March 2009 and May 2016. We measured serum creatinine levels and calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after kidney transplantation (KTx). We evaluated the rejection rate within a year after KTx. We compared the renal function and rejection rate between those who received blood transfusions (n = 21) and those who did not (n = 76) during the perioperative period. RESULTS: Among patient characteristics, the rate of ABO-incompatible KTx and the mean hemoglobin levels before KTx differed significantly between the groups. The serum creatinine levels and eGFR within 1 year after KTx did not differ significantly between the two groups. The rejection rate in those who received blood transfusions and those who did not was 28.6% (6/21 patients) and 25.0% (19/76 patients) (P = .741), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the rejection rate was slightly higher in patients who received perioperative RBCT than in those who did not, but the difference was not significant within a year after KTx. Perioperative RBCT may not affect renal function within a year after KTx.

Effect of Influenza Vaccine in Patients With Kidney Transplant.

BACKGROUND: Among infectious diseases, influenza is the most common cause of infection in Japan and worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the effect of influenza vaccination in kidney transplantation (KTx) recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the records of 98 participants who underwent KTx at our institution between March 2009 and May 2016. All patients received tacrolimus or cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methylprednisolone for maintenance immunosuppression after KTx. In accordance with the criteria of our institution, everolimus was administered for the maintenance of immunosuppression after KTx. We compared the rate of influenza infection during the 2016-2017 season (8 months, from October 2016-May 2017) between KTx patients treated with 1 or 2 doses of influenza vaccine (treatment group, n = 71) and KTx patients who did not receive a vaccine (nontreatment group, n = 27). RESULTS: Among patient characteristics, only the prevalence of diabetes mellitus differed significantly between the groups (treatment group: 9.9%, 7 of 71 patients; nontreatment group: 29.6%, 8 of 21 patients; P = .02). Influenza infection occurred at similar rates in the 2 groups (treatment group, 5.63% 4 of 71 patients; nontreatment group: 3.70%, 1 of 27 patients; P = .70). CONCLUSIONS: Among KTx patients managed in our institution, treatment with 1 or 2 doses of influenza vaccine did not reduce the rate of influenza infection in the 2016-2017 season, suggesting that influenza vaccination may currently be ineffective in KTx patients.

Low serum albumin in elderly continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients is attributable to high permeability of peritoneum.

Our study was carried out to investigate changes in nutrition and individual peritoneal membrane transport characteristics in elderly patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), expressed as the personal dialysis capacity (PDC). We performed 376 PDC tests in 229 non diabetic patients who were undergoing CAPD from May 1995 to May 1999 in a multicenter study in Japan. We divided the patients into three groups: elderly (age > or = 65 years, n = 56), middle-aged (age 50-65 years, n = 150), and young (age < 50, n = 170). No significant differences were seen in duration of CAPD and incidence of peritonitis between the groups. We then compared the peritoneal function calculated by PDC test in the groups. Serum levels of albumin in elderly patients were significantly lower than those in middle-aged and young patients (elderly: 3.2 +/- 0.1; middle-aged: 3.4 +/- 0.1, p = 0.0447 vs elderly; young: 3.4 +/- 0.1, p = 0.0272 vs elderly). Plasma protein loss from the peritoneum in elderly patients was significantly higher than in middle-aged and young patients (elderly: 0.11 +/- 0.01; middle-aged: 0.09 +/- 0.01, p = 0.0136 vs elderly; young: 0.09 +/- 0.01, p = 0.0161 vs elderly). No significant differences in ultrafiltration volume and water permeability were seen between the groups. Peritoneal area in the elderly group was significantly higher than in the middle-aged and young groups. Peritoneal creatinine clearance (CCr) and Kt/V in elderly patients were significantly higher than in middle-aged and young patients. However, no significant difference in protein nitrogen appearance (PNA) or protein catabolic rate (PCR) was seen between the groups. Urea and creatinine generation rates in elderly patients were significantly lower than in the middle-aged and young patients. These data show that elderly patients receiving CAPD are well maintained from the perspective of urea and water metabolism, indicating that CAPD therapy for the elderly is more acceptable than expected. However, caution should be exercised, owing to the lower serum albumin seen in elderly patients.

A community-based evaluation of the effect of renal transplantation on survival in patients with renal-replacement therapy.

The relative effect of renal transplantation on survival was examined in chronic dialysis patients in Okinawa, Japan. Of 3,035 patients (1,722 men and 1,313 women) who were registered by the end of 1994 and followed up until April 1, 1995, 141 (91 men and 50 women) had undergone a renal transplantation during the follow-up period. The type of donor was a cadaver in 38 (26.9%) and a living relative in 103 (73.1%). At the end of the follow-up period, 12 (8.5%) of the patients with a renal transplant had died, 35 (24.8%) had returned to dialysis treatment, and 94 (66.7%) were alive with a functioning graft. In the patients who did not receive a transplant, 1,134 (39.2%) had died and 1,760 (60.8%) were alive and on dialysis. Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed with adjustment for sex, age at first dialysis, presence of diabetes mellitus, year of first dialysis, and predialysis co-morbid conditions. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) in the group with a transplant was 0.33 (0.18 to 0.59) when the hazard ratio of the group without a transplant was taken as 1.00. The patient survival rate was better in the former group. Our data provide fundamental evidence supporting the effectiveness of renal replacement as treatment. Whether the life-saving merit of renal transplantation is substantial enough to actively encourage donation remains to be clarified.

Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan.

We assessed the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a hospital-based screening program in Okinawa, Japan. The significance of metabolic syndrome as a determinant of CKD was examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 6980 participants, aged 30-79 years, participated in a screening program in Tomishiro Chuo Hospital. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Data were also analyzed according to the modified criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) that defines abdominal obesity as a waist circumference of > oe =85 cm in men and > or =90 cm in women. CKD was defined as dipstick proteinuria (> or =1+) or a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and CKD was 12.8 and 13.7%, respectively. Metabolic syndrome was a significant determinant of CKD (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.537 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.277-1.850, P<0.0001). The adjusted OR (95% CI) was 1.770 (1.215-2.579, P=0.0029) for those with four metabolic syndrome risk factors compared to those with no metabolic syndrome risk factors. Metabolic syndrome was a significant determinant for younger participants (<60 years; OR 1.686, 95% CI 1.348-2.107, P<0.0001), but not for older participants (> or =60 years; OR 1.254, 95% CI 0.906-1.735, NS). The relationship between the number of metabolic syndrome risk factors and the prevalence of CKD was linear using the modified criteria. The results suggest that metabolic syndrome is a significant determinant of CKD in men under 60 years of age, in Okinawa, Japan.

[Vasculitis-related acute abdomen in systemic lupus erythematosus--ultrasound appearances in lupus patients with intra-abdominal vasculitis].

Although an acute abdomen often occurs in lupus patients, definitive treatment is commonly delayed due to the difficulty in diagnosis. We performed an abdominal ultrasound (US) in two patients with severe abdominal pain and recognized mural thickenings of intestinal walls. In the first case high dose prednisone was given for severe abdominal pain, with subsequent perforation of sigmoid colon. Pathological specimens showed a thrombotic vasculitis in the mesenteric artery and arteriole of intestinal walls. In the second case physical examination elicited a rebound tenderness. An abdominal X-ray demonstrated a gasless ileus and US also showed marked thickening of intestinal walls, 16 mm in thickness. A CT scan revealed the same findings in the entire bowel. After high dose methylprednisolone was administered, her symptoms markedly improved. The mural thickenings disappeared within 10 days as seen by abdominal ultrasound examination. The US is very useful in order to make an early diagnosis of intestinal vasculitis, showing as edema (but non-specific) of intestinal wall and we can use it safely and repetitively without exposure to radiation, compared with other examinations, such as CT scan and gastrointestinal contrast study etc. The US is not only useful in diagnosis, but also helpful for follow up of patients after the initiation of treatment.

Drug-associated cholelithiasis: a case of sulindac stone formation and the incorporation of sulindac metabolites into the gallstones.

A case of drug-associated cholelithiasis (sulindac chlecystohepatolithiasis) in a 63-yr-old woman is reported. The patient was admitted to our hospital to undergo treatment for rheumatoid arthritis of 20 yr duration. She was treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID: sulindac). Two months later, she presented with right upper quadrant pain. Diagnostic studies including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), led to the diagnosis of cholecystohepatolithiasis. She underwent cholecystectomy and choledochotomy with an extraction of intrahepatic stones. The intrahepatic stones were light yellow in color with a claylike appearance. Unexpectedly, an infrared spectroscopic analysis of the stone showed it to consist of sulindac metabolites. In addition, the dilated segment of the intrahepatic bile duct naturally returned to its normal size after the discontinuation of the drug administration. This is the first reported case of sulindac stone formation in the bile duct. No similar problems with other NSAIDs have been reported previously.

Impact of the initial levels of laboratory variables on survival in chronic dialysis patients.

Besides the age at start of dialysis and the presence of diabetes mellitus, serum albumin has been shown to be a significant predictor of survival in prevalent dialysis patients. However, this was not evaluated in incipient dialysis patients. The initial biochemical variables were retrieved for a large dialysis population (N = 1,982) who were started on chronic dialysis in Okinawa, Japan from 1971 to 1990. Biochemical data that included blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate), total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, serum albumin, and hematocrit obtained just before the first dialysis session were available for 1,491 (75.2%) patients. Six hundred sixty-four (43.2%) patients died by the end of 1993. Cox proportional analysis adjusted for sex, age, year of start of dialysis, presence of diabetes mellitus, and the laboratory variables was performed to examine the significance of the initial biochemical data on survival. The risk ratio was 0.577 (P = 0.0025) in serum albumin, 1.291 (P = 0.0138) in serum potassium, and 0.966 (P = 0.0202) in serum sodium. The study results support the notion that nutritional status is important for survival in chronic dialysis patients. Causes of hypoalbuminemia, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia should be evaluated carefully at initiation of dialysis.

Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients.

In a previous report, we showed that nutritional status and especially serum albumin had great predictive value for death in chronic hemodialysis patients, whereas blood pressure did not. In the present study, we analyzed the causes of death in consideration of the relationship between serum albumin and blood pressure. A total of 1,243 Okinawan patients (719 males, 524 females) undergoing hemodialysis in January 1991 were followed up through the end of 1995. Three hundred forty-two of the patients died, 45 received transplants, and 12 were transferred by the end of the follow-up period. The total duration of observation was 5,110.3 patient-years. Blood pressure as well as clinical and laboratory variables were determined immediately prior to the first dialysis session in January 1991. The crude death rate was 40.0% when the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <70 mm Hg, 35.0% at 70 to 79 mm Hg, 25.0% at 80 to 89 mm Hg, 25.0% at 90 to 99 mm Hg, and 13.0% at >100 mm Hg. The death rate showed an inverse correlation with DBP. DBP showed a significant positive correlation with serum albumin (r = 0.137, P < 0.001) and age (r = -0.325, P < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of death was 0.84 (0.71 to 0.99) with 10 mm Hg increments in DBP when the reference DBP was less than 69 mm Hg. Low DBP may be a manifestation of malnutrition and/or cardiovascular disease in chronic hemodialysis patients. Target DBP levels may be higher levels in chronic hemodialysis patients than the general population.