[Means and methods of personal hygiene in the experiment with 520-day isolation].

Six volunteers (3 Russians, a Frenchman, an Italian and a Chinese) participated in assessment of the input of sanitation and housekeeping provisions to their wellbeing during 520-day isolation and confinement. Subject of the study was quality and sufficiency of housekeeping agents and procedures as well as more than 60 names of personal hygiene items. The sanitation and housekeeping monitoring involved the clinical, hygienic and microbiological methods, and also consideration of crew comments on the items at their disposal and recommended procedures. Based on the analysis of the functional condition of the integument and oral cavity and entries in the questionnaires, i.e. objective data and subjective feelings, all test subjects remained in the invariably good state. Owing to the application of the selected hygienic means and methods the microbial status of the crew was stable throughout 520-day isolation.

[Effectiveness evaluation of the sanitary-hygienic measures during 105-day isolation].

The sanitary-hygienic well-being of 6 volunteers for the 105-d chamber experiment simulating some of the spaceflight factors was evaluated. To evaluate the pertinent means and methods, clinical, hygienic and microbiological investigations were employed, and volunteers' subjective opinions of personal hygiene items and associated procedures were analyzed Based on the examination of integument and oral cavity, entries in the questionnaires concerning subjective sensations, opinions and objective data, all volunteers were invariably in good state. Level of the skin total microbial contamination was found to depend on volunteers' diligence to fulfill the hygienic routine.

[Specifics of sorption after purification of permeates produced by nanofiltration of washing water in pressurized modules]. / Osobennosti sorbtsionnoi doochistki permeatov, poluchennykh v rezul'tate nanofil'tratsii sanitarno-gigienicheskoi vody germozamknutogo ob"ekta.

Data on the quality of sorption afterpurification of permeates produced by nanofiltration of washing water in the ECOPSY-95 project are presented. Washing water contained essentially different detergents. Nanofiltration was performed with reeled composite membrane filters (OPMN-K). Nanofiltrated permeates were further treated with sorption techniques. The investigation confirmed the possibility get a filtrate complying with the washing water requirements. It was demonstrated that afterpurification of nanofiltered permeates by sorption improves the quality of regenerated water and also extends useful life of expandable sorption materials as compared to washing water that was not subjected to nanofiltration. Combination of nanofitration and sorption can be favorable to decrease the size of filter cartridges by 30-50%.

[Investigation of the methods of extension of useful life of nanofiltration membranes in washing water regenerating system]. / Issledovanie sposobov prodleniia sroka sluzhby nanofiltratsionnykh membran primenitel'no k sisteme regeneratsii sanitarno-gigienicheskoi vody.

Transport and selective characteristics of Russian nanofiltration membranes OPMN-K were investigated in order to find approaches to extend useful life of the membranes and, therefore, of the nanofiltration assembly and the washing water regenerating system at large. Hygienic cleansing agents as washing water ingredients pollute but not irreversibly impair the membranes. Flushing of membranes after regeneration of various model detergents was shown to recover the membrane permeability virtually up to original level.

[The use of nanofiltration for regenerating different types of water for sanitation and hygiene obtained in a hermetically sealed cabin]. / Ispol'zovanie nanofil'tratsii dlia regenratsii razlichnykh vidov sanitarno-gigienicheskikh vod, poluchennykh v germozamknutom ob''ekte.

Presented are results of evaluating transportability and selectivity of Russian OPMN-K membrane coil nanofilters used in a chamber experiment (project EPOKSI [correction of ECOPSI]-95) to clean washing water containing different detergents. OPMN-K nanofilters were potent to extract no less than 96 to 98% of permeate with the organic selectivity reaching 80 to 90%. The detergent-dependent dynamics of capacity and selectivity and data of analyses of producible permeates and concentrates are reported.

[Nanofiltration as a prospective method of regenerating potable and hygiene water]. / Nanofil'tratsiia kak perspektivnyi metod regeneratsii sanitarno-gigienicheskoi vody.

This work was aimed at studying the transport and selective characteristics of nanofiltration membrane of the OPMN-K type with respect to solutions contained catamine AB and amine oxide for development of promising systems of water regeneration as well as at evaluating the effect of the concentrations of solutions and working pressure of the regeneration unit on these characteristics. It is found that the selectivity of membrane with respect to the solutions contained the single constituents (catamine AB or amine oxide) considerably differed from the selectivity of membrane with respect to solution containing the mixture of catamine AB and amine oxide. Studies of this membrane give the satisfactory results in transport and selective characteristics of all tested solutions excluding the solution containing catamine AB with low concentrations. The obtained results indicate that nanofiltration may be considered as a perspective step of reclamation of sanitary-hygienic water in space flight environments.