RESUMO
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an alternative to surface decontamination that is based on the interaction between a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and a light source to allow for the formation of reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to test a new patented device - the "Ultrasonic Photodynamic Inactivation Device" (UPID) under the patent deposit MU-BR 20.2018.00.9356-3 - for the photodynamic inactivation on contaminated acrylic plates and titanium disk. This new low cost device contains light emitting diodes (LEDs) and was built in a stainless-steel container for better light distribution. In addition, 28 waterproof red LEDs plates, with a wavelength of 660â¯nm were used, containing three irradiators in each plate, for which the irradiation distribution and the spectral irradiance on all 6 internal faces of this device were calculated. The effect of red LED irradiation (660â¯nm) methylene blue (MB) (100⯵mol/L) diluted in water or 70% alcohol on three types of microorganisms: Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. In order to estimate the effects of PDI, acrylic plates and Titanium disks were contaminated by bacterial suspensions (3â¯×â¯108 CFU/mL), then treated with a solution of MB for 30â¯min, followed by irradiation for 30â¯min (0.45â¯J/cm2). Microbial inhibition was evaluated by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU), compared to the control group. The results showed that the UPID promoted significant reduction (pâ¯<â¯0.001) of the microorganism when compared with the positive control. The new device promoted an effective microbial inhibition on the surfaces tested and, thus, makes possible new studies. The perspective is that this new device may be a low-cost and non-toxic alternative to the disinfection of biomedical devices, non-critical instruments and also for use in the food industry.
Assuntos
Descontaminação/métodos , Azul de Metileno/farmacologia , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Ultrassom/métodos , Resinas Acrílicas , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Descontaminação/instrumentação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco , Titânio , Ultrassom/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
The objective was to develop, characterize and test a box containing light emission diode (LED), Patent Deposit MU-BR20.2017.002297-3, which was named "Photodynamic Inactivation Device" (PID) and verify if it's suitable in microbial reduction or disinfection action of solid surfaces using PID. The equipment was made in a container of polypropylene with a lid of the same material and, for a better use of irradiation the internal part was covered with a layer of reflective aluminum. In addition, sixty boards of red LED 660 nm wavelength, containing three radiators each, for which the distribution of irradiation and spectral irradiance in all of the six internal faces were calculated in this device. That way, a low cost alternative was tested over three types of microorganisms present on the human microbiota: two strains Gram-positive (Gram +), Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans and one strain Gram-negative (Gram -), Escherichia coli, inoculated in orthodontic instruments previously autoclaved. To assess the Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) over these bacteria, instruments were contaminated by bacterial suspensions (3 × 108 CFU/mL) and ulterior treatment with a solution of 100 µmol/L of MB for 20 min, and irradiated for another 20 min (energy density of 026 J/cm²). Microbial reduction was assessed by number counting of Colony Forming Units (CFU). At the end, microbial reduction of the surface of orthodontic metal instruments was compared with the positive group of each group. Results showed that PID caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the microbial charge stuck in the orthodontic instruments. Thus, the photo prototype of the drawing is appropriate for phototherapy studies, granting it´s advantageous to the low level light therapy as well as for the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. The perspective is that PID may potentialize the dissemination of phototherapy studies for determining its proper use in health science. And, thus, propose a low cost and atoxic alternative for disinfection of biomedical appliances as non-critical instruments, allowing also for use in the food industry.
Assuntos
Desinfecção/métodos , Azul de Metileno/farmacologia , Ortodontia/instrumentação , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Biosafety consists in the set of measures applied to prevent the spread of infectious agents. Through biosafety, it is possible to avoid and inhibit the risks that compromise the health of the individual, animals and the environment. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge about biosafety in undergraduate physiotherapy students and physiotherapists. Methods: The work was a field study with a defined universe, and classified as descriptive, exploratory, quantitative-qualitative. The sample consisted of 93 physiotherapy students from the Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (State University of Northern Paraná), Jacarezinho, Brazil, and 10 professionals working in the region. Data were collected through a questionnaire on knowledge about biosafety and cross-infections. A statistical analysis was performed using SPPS software version 25.0, and the data was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and the variables expressed as median and interquartile range (25% -75%). The chi-square test was applied to determine statistically significant differences between the different years of the physiotherapy course and the trained professionals. Through content analysis, open treatment and analysis of qualitative data were chosen. The level of significance used was 5%. Results: There was a small deficit in the knowledge of biosafety; however, this knowledge increased to some extent with the evolution of students in the course (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Most students and professionals have enough knowledge to control or even eradicate the risks of certain activities and prevent cross-infection in the practice of physiotherapy. The perceived deficit in knowledge in biosafety can be easily resolved with the adequate dissemination of knowledge on the subject.
Resumo Introdução: Biossegurança é o conjunto de medidas aplicadas para prevenir a propagação de agentes infecciosos. Por meio da biossegurança é possível evitar e inibir os riscos que comprometem a saúde do indivíduo, dos animais e do meio ambiente. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre biossegurança de estudantes de graduação em fisioterapia e fisioterapeutas. Métodos: O trabalho foi uma pesquisa de campo com universo definido, e classificado como descritivo e exploratório-quantiqualitativo. A amostra foi composta por 93 alunos do curso de fisioterapia da Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, em Jacarezinho, e 10 profissionais atuantes na região norte do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário sobre o conhecimento sobre biossegurança e infecções cruzadas. A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPPS versão 25.0 e os dados submetidos ao teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, com as variáveis em mediana e intervalo interquartil (25% -75%). O teste qui-quadrado foi aplicado para buscar diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os diferentes anos do curso de fisioterapia e os profissionais formados. Por meio da análise de conteúdo foram escolhidas questões abertas, tratamento e análise de dados qualitativos. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Constatou-se que existe um pequeno déficit no conhecimento em biossegurança, no entanto, esses conhecimentos de certa forma aumentaram com a evolução dos acadêmicos no curso (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A maioria dos estudantes e profissionais possui conhecimentos suficientes para controlar ou mesmo erradicar os riscos de determinadas atividades e evitar a infecção cruzada na prática da fisioterapia. O déficit de conhecimento em biossegurança constatado pode ser facilmente resolvido com a disseminação adequada do conhecimento sobre o assunto.
Assuntos
Saúde , Contenção de Riscos Biológicos , Fisioterapeutas , Estudantes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Controle de Infecções , Especialidade de FisioterapiaRESUMO
Yeast flocculation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is one of the most important problems in fuel ethanol production. Yeast flocculation causes operational difficulties and increase in the ethanol cost. Proteolytic enzymes can solve this problem since it does not depend on these changes. The recycling of soluble papain and the immobilization of this enzyme on chitin or chitosan were studied. Some cross-linking agents were evaluated in the action of proteolytic activity of papain. The glutaraldehyde (0.1-10% w·v(-1)), polyethyleneimine (0.5% v·v(-1)), and tripolyphosphate (1-10% w·v(-1)) inactivated the enzyme in this range, respectively. Glutaraldehyde inhibited all treatments of papain immobilization. The chitosan cross-linked with TPP in 5 h of reaction showed the yield of active immobilized enzyme of 15.7% and 6.07% in chitosan treated with 0.1% PEI. Although these immobilizations have been possible, these levels have not been enough to cause deflocculation of yeast cells. Free enzyme was efficient for yeast deflocculation in dosages of 3 to 4 g·L(-1). Recycling of soluble papain by centrifugation was effective for 14 cycles with yeast suspension in time perfectly compatible to industrial conditions. The reuse of proteases applied after yeast suspension by additional yeast centrifugation could be an alternative to cost reduction of these enzymes.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of pure or mixed chemicals for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus fermentum in the samples isolated from distilleries with serious bacterial contamination problems. The biocides, which showed the best results were: 3,4,4' trichlorocarbanilide (TCC), tested at pH 4.0 (MIC = 3.12 mg/l), TCC with benzethonium chloride (CBe) at pH 6.0 (MIC = 3.12 mg/l) and TCC mixed with benzalkonium chloride (CBa) at pH 6.0 (MIC = 1.53 mg /l). If CBa was used in sugar cane milling in 1:1 ratio with TCC, a 8 times reduction of CBa was possible. This formulation also should be tested in fermentation steps since it was more difficult for the bacterium to develop resistance to biocide. There was no inhibition of S. cerevisiae and there were only antibiotics as an option to bacterial control of fuel ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae.
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos são usados por pessoas que desejam aumentar sua massa muscular para obter um melhor desempenho nos esportes ou melhorar a aparência física. Os EAA são derivados sintéticos da testosterona, capazes de promover a hipertrofia das fibras musculares, aumentando a síntese proteica intracelular. A L-carnitina é um suplemento alimentar empregado para aumentar a produção energética por meio da oxidação de ácidos graxos. Embora haja trabalhos mostrando as propriedades fisiológicas dessas drogas, há poucos estudos sobre o potencial mutagênico das mesmas. OBJETIVOS: Este trabalho avaliou a clastogenicidade e genotoxicidade do decanoato de nandrolona, decanoato de testosterona e da L-carnitina, em diferentes tratamentos, através do teste do micronúcleo em eritrócitos policromáticos de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram submetidos a diferentes concentrações e associações de EAA. O controle positivo recebeu ciclofosfamida 50 mg/kg através de injeção intraperitoneal e o controle negativo, 1 ml de soro fisiológico por gavagem. Os ratos foram sacrificados após 36 horas da última aplicação, tendo seus fêmures removidos e a medula óssea extraída. O material foi homogeneizado e centrifugado. O botão de células foi pipetado e transferido para as lâminas, que foram coradas com Giemsa. Foram contados 1.000 eritrócitos policromáticos por animal, observando a frequência de micronúcleos. RESULTADOS: Foi realizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%, que demostrou que o decanoato de nandrolona - três doses de 0,2 mg/kg e 0,6 mg/kg, oito doses de 7,5 mg/kg, L-carnitina - sete doses de 0,4 ml/250g e 1,5 ml/250g, decanoato de testosterona - 28 doses de 0,075 mg/kg, decanoato de nandrolona - oito doses de 7,5 mg/kg associado a L-carnitina 1 ml e decanoato de nandrolona - oito doses de 7,5 mg/kg associado à decanoato de testosterona - oito doses de 7,5 mg/kg apresentaram potencial mutagênico. CONCLUSÃO: Os tratamentos revelaram-se clastogênicos, não sendo indicado como recurso ergogênico.
INTRODUCTION: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are frequently used by people whose aim to increase muscle mass to obtain a better performance in sports or improve physical appearance. AAS are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, able to promote muscle fibers hypertrophy, increasing intracellular protein synthesis. L-carnitine is a food supplement used to increase energetic production by means of fat acids oxidation. Although there are several works about physiological properties of these drugs, there are few studies about their mutagenic potential. OBJECTIVES: This work evaluated the clastogenicity and genotoxicity of nandrolone decanoate, testosterone decanoate and L-carnitine, in different treatments through the micronucleus test in polychromatic erythrocytes of Wistar rats. METHODS: The animals were submitted to different concentrations and associations of AAS. The positive control received cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection and negative control, one ml of saline solution by gavage. The rats were sacrificed after 36 hours of latest application, having the femurs removed and the bone marrow extracted. Material was homogenized and centrifuged. Button cell was pipetted and transferred to slides, which were stained by Giemsa. 1,000 polychromatic erythrocytes were counted per animal, noting the frequency of micronuclei. RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed, with a significance level of 5%, which demonstrated that nandrolone decanoate - three doses of 0,2 mg/kg and 0,6 mg/kg, eight doses of 7,5 mg/kg, L-carnitine - seven doses of 0,4 ml/250 g and 1,5 ml/250 g, testosterone decanoate - 28 doses of 0,075 mg/kg, nandrolone decanoate - eight doses of 7,5 mg/kg associated to L-carnitine and 1 mL and nandrolone decanoate - eight doses of 7,5 mg/kg associated to testosterone decanoate - eight doses of 7,5 mg/kg, showed mutagenic potential. CONCLUSION: The treatments proved to be clastogenic, not being indicated like ergogenic aid.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos son usados por personas que quieren aumentar su masa muscular a fin de obtener un mejor desempeño en los deportes o para mejorar la apariencia física. Los EAA son derivados sintéticos de la testosterona, que pueden causar la hipertrofia de las fibras musculares, aumentando la síntesis proteica intracelular. La L-carnitina es un suplemento alimenticio utilizado para hacer crecer la producción energética por medio de la oxidación de ácidos grasos. Aunque hay trabajos que muestran las propiedades fisiológicas de esos medicamentos, hay pocos estudios sobre el potencial mutagénico de estos. OBJETIVOS: Este trabajo evaluó la clastogenicidad y la genotoxicidad del decanoato de nandrolona, decanoato de testosterona y de la L-carnitina, en diversos tratamientos, mediante la prueba del micronúcleo en eritrocitos policromáticos de ratones Wistar. MÉTODOS: Los animales fueron sometidos a diferentes concentraciones y asociaciones de EAA. El control positivo recibió ciclofosfamida 50 mg/kg a través de inyección intraperitoneal, y el control negativo 1 ml de suero fisiológico por gavaje. Los ratones fueron sacrificados después de 36 horas de la última aplicación, teniendo sus fémures removidos y la médula ósea extraída. El material fue homogeneizado y centrifugado. El botón de células fue tomado con pipetas y transferido para las láminas, a las cuales se les dio color con Giemsa. Fueron contados 1.000 eritrocitos policromáticos por animal, observándose la frecuencia de micronúcleos. RESULTADOS: Se realizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, con nivel de significancia de 5%, la cual demostró que el decanoato de nandrolona - tres dosis de 0,2 mg/kg y 0,6 mg/kg, ocho dosis de 7,5 mg/kg, L-carnitina - siete dosis de 0,4 ml/250g y 1,5 ml/250g, decanoato de testosterona - 28 dosis de 0,075 mg/kg, decanoato de nandrolona - ocho dosis de 7,5 mg/kg asociado a L-carnitina 1 ml y decanoato de nandrolona - ocho dosis de 7,5 mg/kg vinculado al decanoato de testosterona - ocho dosis de 7,5 mg/kg, presentaron potencial mutagénico. CONCLUSIÓN: Los tratamientos se revelaron como siendo clastogénicos, no indicándose como recurso ergogénico.