Clusters of 24-hour movement behavior and diet and their relationship with health indicators among youth: a systematic review.

Movement-related behaviors (physical activity [PA], sedentary behavior [SB], and sleep) and diet interact with each other and play important roles in health indicators in youth. This systematic review aimed to investigate how PA, SB, sleep, and diet cluster in youth by biological sex; and to examine which cluster are associated with health indicators. This study was registered in PROSPERO (number: CRD42018094826). Five electronic databases were assessed. Eligibility criteria allowed studies that included youth (aged 19 years and younger), and only the four behaviors {PA, SB, sleep, and diet (ultra-processed foods [UPF]; fruits and vegetables [FV])} analyzed by applying data-based cluster procedures. From 12,719 articles screened; 23 were included. Of these, four investigated children, and ten identified clusters by biological sex. Sixty-six mixed cluster were identified including, 34 in mixed-sex samples, 10 in boys and 11 in girls. The most frequent clusters in mixed-sex samples were "High SB UPF Low Sleep", "Low PA High SB Satisfactory Sleep", and "High PA". The main difference in profiles according to sex was that girls' clusters were characterized by high sleep duration, whereas boys' clusters by high PA. There were a few associations found between cluster types and health indicators, highlighting that youth assigned to cluster types with low PA exhibited higher adiposity. In conclusion, the youth presented a range of clusters of behaviors, typically exhibiting at least one unhealthy behavior. Similar patterns were observed in both sexes with the biggest difference in time of sleep for girls and PA for boys. These findings underscore the importance of intervention strategies targeting multiple behaviors simultaneously to enhance health risk profiles and indicators in children and adolescents.

Excesso de peso, pressão arterial e atividade física no deslocamento à escola / Excess weight, arterial pressure and physical activity in commuting to school: correlations

FUNDAMENTO: A prevalência de obesidade e pressão arterial (PA) tem aumentado em crianças e adolescentes, enquanto os domínios da atividade física declinaram. OBJETIVO: Identificar e associar o excesso de peso, de gordura corporal e de PA elevada entre os estudantes ativos e passivos no deslocamento à escola. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 1.570 escolares de 7 a 12 anos de idade, de João Pessoa, PB. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário sobre a forma de deslocamento à escola (ativo = caminhada/bicicleta ou passivo = carro/moto/ônibus) e o tempo despendido. O excesso de peso foi determinado no IMC > 25 kg/m², a gordura no percentil > 85 da dobra tricipital e a PA elevada no percentil > 90. Na análise, utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O deslocamento ativo associou-se à menor prevalência de excesso de peso e de gordura, em relação ao passivo (p < 0,05). A razão de prevalência (RP) para o excesso de peso associou-se à gordura (masculino: RP = 6,45, IC95 por cento = 4,55-9,14; feminino: RP = 4,10, IC95 por cento= 3,09-5,45), à PAS elevada (masculino: RP = 1,99, IC95 por cento= 1,30-3,06; feminino: RP = 2,09, IC95 por cento= 1,45-3,01) e à PAD elevada nas meninas (RP = 1,96, IC95 por cento = 1,41-2,75). Não houve associação com o deslocamento ativo (p > 0,05) CONCLUSÃO: O deslocamento passivo à escola associou-se ao excesso de peso e gordura, e dissociou-se da PA elevada. O excesso de peso associou-se ao excesso de gordura e à PA elevada. É preciso prevenir o excesso de peso, como meio de evitar o acúmulo de gordura e o aumento da PA.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity and elevated arterial pressure (AP) has increased in children and adolescents, whereas physical activity has decreased. OBJECTIVE: To identify and correlate excess weight, body fat and elevated AP among active and passive students with the way they commute to school. METHODS: One thousand five hundred and seventy students aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study conducted in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba. Students completed a questionnaire about the way they commuted to school (active = walking/biking or passive = by car/motorcycle/bus) and the time spent traveling to school. Excess weight was determined by BMI > 25 kg/m², excess body fat as > 85th percentile for tricipital fold measurement, and high AP as >90th percentile. Chi-square test and Poisson's regression were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Active commuting was associated with a lower prevalence of excess weight and body fat as compared to passive commuting (p<0.05). The prevalence ratio (PR) of excess weight was associated with excess body fat (Male: PR= 6.45 95 percentCI= 4.55-9.14; Female: PR= 4.10 95 percentCI= 3.09-5.45), elevated SAP [Systolic Arterial Pressure] (Male: PR= 1.99 95 percentCI= 1.30-3.06; Female: PR= 2.09 95 percentCI= 1.45-3.01), and elevated DAP [Diastolic Arterial Pressure] in girls (PR = 1.96 95 percentCI= 1.41-2.75). No association with active commuting was observed (p>0.05) CONCLUSION: Passive commuting to school showed a correlation with excess weight and body fat but not with elevated AP. Excess weight was associated with excessive body fat and elevated AP. Excess weight should be prevented as a way to avoid fat accumulation and AP elevation.