An in-silico approach - molecular docking analysis of flavonoids against GSK-3ß and TNF-α targets in Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Drug development for Alzheimer's disease has one of the greatest failure rates of any therapeutic field and AD is still incurable. Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß is a critical enzyme implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, particularly in the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. TNF-α also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by promoting neuroinflammation, contributing to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing synaptic function, and disrupting the balance of neurotrophic factors. Phytomedicine has numerous advantages over synthetic medications, acting multiple mode of action, including being less toxic and having fewer adverse effects. Flavonoids act as a promising therapeutic target for treating Alzheimer's disease. The present work investigates the anti-AD potentials of 35 flavonoids for the inhibition of GSK-3ß and TNF-α. METHODS: The physicochemical, pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity profile and drug-likeliness of the selected 35 flavonoids were predicted using SwissADME & OSIRIS data Warrier property explorer web tool. All flavonoids were selected for docking studies on GSK-3ß and TNF-α protein using Autodock 4.2.1. RESULTS: The predictions of this study suggested that among the selected 35 flavonoids, Top 3 flavonoids, such as Epicatechin gallate -10.93 kcal/mol, Fisetin -9.44 kcal/mol and Eriodictyol -8.54 kcal/mol for GSK-3ß targets. TNF-α Fisetin -11.52 kcal/mol, Sterubin -10.87 kcal/mol, Biochainin A -10.69 kcal/mol were compared with standard drug donepezil. CONCLUSION: Therefore, these flavonoids could be utilized as possible leads for the structure-based design in the advancement of new, strong Anti-Alzheimer's agents. However, more invitro and invivo analyses are required to finally confirm the outcomes of this research.

From network pharmacology to molecular docking analysis of sterubin targets for Alzheimer.

Sterubin (7-O-Methyleriodicytol), a flavanone compound isolated from the leaves of Eriodicyton californicum and Eriodicyton angustifolium, has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Therefore, it is of interest to identify the potential targets for Alzheimer disease using network pharmacology. We report 25 overlapping targets among 100 potential targets of sterubin and 673 known targets of Alzheimer. APP, BACE-1, and AChE were among the ten hub targets enriched in biological processes and pathways relevant to Alzheimer's disease. Subsequent, molecular docking analysis shows that sterubin have optimal binding features with these hub gene targets for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of flavonoids with AChE and BACE-1.

Flavonoids are promising therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, it is of interest to study the anti-AD potential of 35 flavonoids towards the inhibition of AchE and BACE-1. Hence, the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity risk and drug-likeliness of the selected 35 flavonoids were computed. Further, the molecular docking analysis of flavonoids with AChE and BACE-1 were completed. A binding energy of -10.42 kcal/mol Epicatechin gallate, -10.16 kcal/mol sterubin and -10.11 kcal/mol Fisetin was observed with AchE as potential inhibitors. Similarly, Biochainin-A -9.81kcal/mol, Sterubin -8.96 kcal/mol and Epicatechin gallate -7.4 7 kcal/mol showed with BACE-1. Thus, these flavonoids are potential leads for structure-based design of effective anti-Alzheimer's agents.

Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program regimens with and without directly observed treatment, short-course: A comparative study of therapeutic cure rate and adverse reactions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic cure rate and adverse reactions in the regimens of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) with directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) and without DOTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients in the DOTS regimen and 50 patients in the non-DOTS regimen were enrolled in the study. All the participants were asked to come regularly for 3 consecutive days for sputum collection, and the sputum samples were examined for acid-fast bacilli. If tuberculosis (TB) was confirmed, the disease status was confirmed through a chest X-ray (PA view). The participants were monitored for adverse events arising from the use of anti-TB drugs for the next 6 months. RESULTS: The TB cure rates for RNTCP with DOTS and RNTCP with non-DOTS were 80% and 66%, respectively. The DOTS therapy had a better cure rate for radiologically positive, sputum-positive cases compared with the non-DOTS regimen group. The non-DOTS treatment regimen had significantly increased numbers of adverse events in the hepatic and hematinic systems. CONCLUSION: The DOTS regimen has higher cure rates and a lower incidence of adverse reactions compared with the non-DOTS regimen.