Synthesis and structure of large difluoromethylene containing alicycles by ring closing metathesis (RCM).

Cyclotetra- and cyclohexa-decane ring systems were prepared with CF2 groups spaced 1,4- and 1,6- for tetradecanes together with 1,5- and 1,6- for hexadecanes. These alicyclic systems were assembled by ring closing metathesis reactions of long terminal diolefins. Ring cyclisation by RCM was promoted by the introduction of the dithiane motif, using a sulfur compatible metathesis catalyst. This gave rise to macrocyclic E-cycloalkanes, which were hydrogenated also using a sulfur compatible catalyst. Finally the dithianes emerged as appropriate precursor motifs for the introduction of difluoromethylene groups. X-Ray structures revealed that the resultant rings have the CF2 groups located only at corner positions and that these groups dictated the overall macrocyclic ring conformations.

2,3,6,7-Tetra-kis(bromo-meth-yl)naphthalene.

The title compound, C(14)H(12)Br(4), crystallizes with imposed inversion symmetry. In the crystal, the mol-ecules pack in layers parallel to (10). The layers involve two Br⋯Br and one H⋯Br contact. Between the layers, one contact each of types Br⋯Br, H⋯Br and Br⋯π is observed.

[Cognitive-behavioral model of psychosocial counseling. Preliminary outcomes of efficacy research in hepatitis C patients during antiviral treatment]. / Pomoc psychologiczna w modelu poznawczo-behawioralnym. Wtkene wyniki badan efektywnosci u chorych z przewlekllm wirusowym zapaleniem watroby typu C leczonych przeciwwirusowo.

OBJECTIVE: To examine impact of psychological variables, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, on quality of life and depression during treatment. METHODS: The following research instruments were used: WHOQOL-Bref (modified), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC-B), The Beck Depression Inventory, Hepatitis C Symptoms Questionnaire and Interferon Side Effects Questionnaire. A group of 45 patients participated in group cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy at the beginning of treatment, 63 were the control group. 22 patients attended individual psychotherapy, 8 of them received records of the session for further work on their own. MAIN OBSERVATIONS: Short-term group psychotherapy does not increase the quality of life, but the individual therapy does. Long-term unprofessional support is the most efficient. RESULTS: Increased number of support sources correlates with better quality of life in the 3rd (R = 0,23, p = 0,03), 6th (R = 0,32, p = 0,01) and 12th (R = 0,54, p = 0,00) month of treatment Participation in individual psychotherapy correlates with better quality of life in the 6th month of treatment (R = 0,35, p = 0,001). CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life in hepatitis C patients during antiviral treatment is increased more effectively by the long term social support than by short-term cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.

Accelerating influence of the gem-difluoromethylene group in a ring-closing olefin metathesis reaction. A Thorpe-Ingold effect?

The gem-difluoromethylene (CF2) group significantly accelerates ring-closing metathesis of 1,8-nonadienes relative to the methylene (CH2) group demonstrating similar rate accelerations to that observed for the classic Thorpe-Ingold substituents, diester malonates and ketals.