Anemia and the risk of non-vertebral fractures: the Tromsø Study.

UNLABELLED: In this longitudinal study of 5,286 persons, men with anemia had a 2.15 higher risk of non-vertebral fractures than men with high hemoglobin levels. Women with anemia had no increased fracture risk. INTRODUCTION: Low hemoglobin levels are associated with several risk factors for fractures such as low physical function, impaired cognition, and low bone mass. The aim of this population-based, prospective study was to examine whether anemia predicts non-vertebral fractures. METHODS: A total of 5,286 inhabitants from the municipality of Tromsø, Norway (2,511 men and 2,775 women), 55-74 years old at baseline, were followed for mean 8.3 years. Measurements of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, height, weight, blood pressure, blood lipids, serum creatinine, and bone mineral density and questionnaire information concerning smoking and drinking habits, physical activity, prevalent diseases, and use of medication was collected before start of follow-up. Non-vertebral fractures were registered during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 235 men and 641 women sustained a new non-vertebral fracture. One SD lower value of hemoglobin was associated with a 1.27 higher risk of fracture in men (p < 0.001, after multiple adjustments) and 1.08 (p = 0.07) in women. Men with anemia (hemoglobin levels <13 g/dL) had a 2.15 higher risk of non-vertebral fractures than men with high levels (15.2-18.8, g/dL) whereas women with anemia (hemoglobin levels <12 g/dL) had no increased fracture risk. CONCLUSION: Anemia is associated with non-vertebral fractures in men but not in women.

Benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside versus meropenem in neutropenic lymphoma and leukaemia patients with a suspected bacterial infection: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: In Norway, initial treatment of febrile neutropenia (FN) has traditionally been benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside. Internationally, FN is often treated with a broad-spectrum ß-lactam antibiotic. We aimed to compare these two regimens in a prospective, randomized, trial in patients with lymphoma or leukaemia with an expected period of neutropenia ≥7 days, and a suspected bacterial infection. METHODS: Adult neutropenic patients with lymphoma or leukaemia, and a suspected bacterial infection, were randomized for treatment with benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside or meropenem. The primary endpoint was clinical success, defined as no modification of antibiotics and clinical stability 72 h after randomization. RESULTS: Among 322 randomized patients, 297 proved evaluable for analyses. Fifty-nine per cent (95% CI 51%-66%), (87/148) of the patients given benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside were clinically stable, and had no antibiotic modifications 72 h after randomization, compared with 82% (95% CI 75%-87%), (122/149) of the patients given meropenem (p <0.001). When the antibiotic therapy was stopped, 24% (95% CI 18%-32%), (36/148) of the patients given benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside, compared with 52% (95% CI 44%-60%), (78/149) of the patients given meropenem, had no modifications of their regimens (p <0.001). In the benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside arm, the all-cause fatality within 30 days of randomization was 3.4% (95% CI 1.2%-7.9%), (5/148) of the patients, compared with 0% (95% CI 0.0%-3.0%), (0/149) of the patients in the meropenem arm (p 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical success was more common in FN patients randomized to meropenem compared with the patients randomized to benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside. The all-cause fatality was higher among the patients given benzylpenicillin plus an aminoglycoside.

Severe antibody-mediated agranulocytosis.

A 56-year-old female with Crohn's disease was admitted to the hospital with malaise, fever, and a low white blood cell count (0.8 x 10(9)/l) with no granulocytes or myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow. The leucopenia was initially thought to be the result of an infection and she was treated with antibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim). However, the bacterial cultures and viral tests were all negative. The patient's condition deteriorated and she became morbidly ill, but recovered after high dose steroid treatment. Six weeks later she relapsed whilst receiving 7.5 mg daily dose of prednisolone. She recovered quickly after being given high dose methylprednisolone in combination with filgrastim. A high maintenance dose of prednisolone was tapered over 5 months. She has not relapsed since and is currently well. Antibodies to the human neutrophil antigen (HNA)-3a were detected, but these antibodies could not easily explain her agranulocytosis as she had a HNA-3a negative phenotype. It seems plausible that her agranulocytosis was immune mediated through autoantibodies directed towards the early myeloid cells.

Haemoglobin predicts total mortality in a general young and middle-aged male population. The Tromsø Study.

OBJECTIVE: The prognostic value of haemoglobin within normal references is seldom emphasized. The relationship between haemoglobin and mortality has been questioned because of the possible confounding of other risk factors. We investigated whether there was a curve linear relationship between haemoglobin and total mortality, and evaluated the possible modifying effects of smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 6541 men aged between 20 and 49 years were examined in 1974 in a prospective, population-based study from the municipality of Tromsø, Northern Norway. During 20 years of follow-up (127 120 person-years), 495 deaths were identified. RESULTS: We found a U-shaped relationship between quintiles of haemoglobin and total mortality. Among the 35-49 years group, the multiple adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.83 (1.31-2.57) in quintile 1 and 1.72 (1.23-2.41) in quintile 5, compared to quintile 3 of haemoglobin. Compared to the age-adjusted hazard ratios, the multiple adjustments tended to non-significantly enhance the association in the lowest quintiles and non-significantly attenuate the association in the highest quintiles. The relationship was most pronounced in smokers in a dose-response manner, but also present in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: High and low haemoglobin levels have an independent prognostic effect on mortality, although a possible effect of residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Smokers in quintile 1 and quintile 5 of haemoglobin were at increased risk of dying.

The effects of exogenous histamine in isolated rat hearts.

The role of histamine in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology is not clarified, but is dependent on species. The effects of exogenous histamine in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were investigated. 1 mM, 100, 10, 1 and 0.1 microM of histamine (n = 7 each) as 15 min infusions were employed in a dose-response study, and compared to control perfused hearts (n = 7). In another experimental series, 100 microM histamine (n = 15) was added during reperfusion after 25 min global ischemia, and compared to control ischemia-reperfusion (n = 15). The maximal response to histamine in the dose-response study (100 microM) was an increase of left ventricular developed pressure to 126 +/- 8% of initial value (mean +/- SEM, p < 0.04), and increase of coronary flow to 152+6% (p < 0.02) after 5 min infusion. 100 microM histamine did not significantly influence heart rate or rhythm. The lowest concentration (0.1 microM) did not have effects cardiac performance. Reperfusion with histamine for 2 min after ischemia reduced left ventricular developed pressure to 68 +/- 10% of initial value versus 116+17% in ischemic controls (p < 0.05), and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to 24 +/- 8 mmHg compared to 6 +/- 2 mmHg in controls (p < 0.04). Left ventricular pressures were similar in hearts reperfused with histamine and in ischemic controls for the rest of the observation. Coronary flow increased during reperfusion in hearts given histamine. Histamine had a dose-dependent positive inotropic and vasodilatory effect in isolated rat hearts. Exogenous histamine had only minor effects on post-ischemic cardiac function.

The role of nitric oxide in the cardiac effects of hydrogen peroxide.

Oxidative stress mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases coronary flow (CF) in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. We investigated the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in H2O2-induced vasodilation. A dose-response study was conducted to find a concentration of H2O2 which increased CF without influencing left ventricular developed (LVDP) or end-diastolic (LVEDP) pressures. 80(n = 10), 100 (n = 7), 120 (n = 7), 140 (n = 7), 160 (n = 7), and 180 (n = 10) microM H2O2 was infused for 10 min, followed by recovery for 50 min. 80 microM H2O2 increased CF to a maximum of 143 +/- 4 (mean +/- S.E.M) percent of initial value after 15 min observation (p < 0.001 compared to buffer only), with no effect on LVDP or LVEDP. Another series of hearts were perfused with N-nitro-L-Arginine methylester (L-NAME, 1 mM), methylene blue (MB, 50 microM), or haemoglobin (Hb, 10 microM), without (n = 7 in each) or with (n = 10 in each) 80 microM H2O2 for 10 min. L-NAME, MB, and Hb alone increased CF, but attenuated the H2O2-induced increase of CF.LVDP was depressed when L-NAME, MB or Hb were given in conjunction with 80 microM H2O2. In summary, H2O2 concentration-dependently increased LVEDP and depressed LVDP. The H2O2-induced increase of CF was independent of concentration. Inhibition of NO synthesis, action, or soluble guanylate cyclase attenuated the H2O2-induced increase of CF, and depressed LVDP when given together with H2O2. H2O2 induces a NO-dependent vasodilation, and inhibition of NO is detrimental to left ventricular function after H2O2-mediated oxidative stress.

Perfusing isolated rat hearts with hydrogen peroxide: an experimental model of cardiac dysfunction caused by reactive oxygen species.

A model of cardiac dysfunction induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) was established by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the perfusate of isolated, Langendorff-perfused rat hearts, and the mechanism of functional injury was investigated. The following groups were included: 1 (n = 7), control perfusion; 2 (n = 11), perfusion with H2O2 (180 mumol 1(-1) for 10 min followed by recovery for 50 min; 3 (n = 4), control perfusion with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 100 mumol 1(-1); 4 (n = 7), perfusion with H2O2 and NAC; 5 (n = 4), control perfusion with thiourea (15 mmol 1(-1), 6 (n = 7), H2O2 and thiourea together; 7 (n = 4), control perfusion with catalase (150 U ml-1); 8 (n = 7), catalase and H2O2, 9 (n = 4), control perfusion with deferoxamine (5 mmol 1(-1); and 10 (n = 7), deferoxamine and H2O2. coronary flow (CF), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and heart rate (HR) were measured. All values are mean +/- SEM. When given alone, catalase, thiourea, NAC and deferoxamine did not influence left ventricular pressures, but NAC, catalase and thiourea increased CF. H2O2 increased CF (maximum 146 +/- 6% of baseline value after 5 min, p < 0.001 compared to group 1), decreased LVDP (minimum 14 +/- 5% of baseline value after 10 min, p < 0.0004), and increased LVEDP (from 0 mmHg to a maximum of 54 +/- 7 mmHg after 5 min recovery, p < 0.0003). All these changes gradually reversed during recovery. Catalase and thiourea both inhibited the H2O2-induced effects, but catalase inhibition was more complete. Neither NAC nor deferoxamine had any effect on H2O2-induced cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, H2O2 perfusion is a convenient and reversible model of ROS-induced functional injury to isolated rat hearts. H2O2, rather than the hydroxyl radical, seems to be the main injurious ROS in this model.

Haematological malignancies in a general population, based on information collected from a population study, hospital records, and the Cancer Registry of Norway: the Tromsø Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and incidence of haematological malignancies, and to compare the rates found with those reported from the Cancer Registry of Norway. METHODS: Three sources of information were used: (1) automated blood cell counts from 27 145 persons older than 24 yr (72% of those invited), participating in a population study (the Tromsø Study 1994-95); (2) patient medical records at the University Hospital of Tromsø during 1991-96; (3) the Cancer Registry of Norway. RESULTS: (1) In the population study, 13 new cases of haematological malignancies were diagnosed. For five of these the early detection was probably beneficial. (2) From the hospital records another 59 participants and 36 non-participants to the population study were found to have haematological malignancies. (3) Additionally, six cases were identified from the Cancer Registry. Totally, we thus identified 114 period prevalent cases, of which 86% had been reported to the Cancer Registry. Age-adjusted period prevalence of haematological malignancies was 4.7 per thousand in men and 2.9 per thousand in women. The prevalence increased with age. There were 84 cases with leukaemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma diagnosed at any time and still alive at 31 December 1996 (point prevalence 2.2 per thousand). Our estimated incidence of haematological malignancies did not differ significantly from that reported from the Cancer Registry. CONCLUSION: We found approximately the same rates of haematological malignancies as the Cancer Registry, although an underreporting of 14% to the Cancer Registry was detected. The point prevalence of leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma was 2.2%.