Citizenship, length of stay, and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women, 2000-2010.

BACKGROUND: Two factors jointly account for significant gaps in access to health care among immigrants who are present in the U.S.-legal status, and length of residence. The objective of this study is to examine the association between citizenship and length of residence in the U.S. and cancer screening (breast, cervical, and colorectal) among women. METHODS: We analyzed 11 years (2000-2010) of consolidated data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked with the National Health Interview Survey. Multivariate analyses compared cancer screening among U.S.-born citizens (n = 58,484), immigrant citizens (n = 8,404), and immigrant non-citizens (n = 6,564). RESULTS: Immigrant non-citizens living in the U.S. for less than 5 years were less likely to receive guideline-concordant breast (OR = 0.68 [0.53-0.88]), cervical (OR = 0.65 [0.54-0.78]), and colorectal (OR = 0.31 [0.19-0.50]) cancer screening compared to U.S.-born citizens. Immigrant citizens and non-citizens living in the U.S. for 5 years or more had higher odds of being screened for breast and cervical cancer compared to U.S.-born citizens; (OR = 1.26 [1.13-1.41] and OR = 1.17 [1.06-1.29]) for immigrant citizens, (OR = 1.28 [1.13-1.45] and OR = 1.23 [1.09-1.38]) for non-citizens. Immigrant non-citizens living in the U.S. for 5 years or more had lower odds of being screened for colorectal cancer compared to U.S.-born citizens (OR = 0.76 [0.65-0.90]). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, duration mandates in immigration policy may indirectly influence future pathways to preventive health care and cancer disparities disproportionately affecting immigrant women. We suggest that limits of duration mandates be reevaluated, as they may offer pathways to preventive health care for this vulnerable population, and prevent future cancer disparities.

Health and healthcare perspectives of African American residents of an unincorporated community: a qualitative assessment.

Residential perspectives about health in unincorporated communities are virtually unexplored. In this study, we conducted focus groups to assess individual and community health status, environmental health mediators, and systematic barriers to healthcare among African American residents of the unincorporated town, Fresno, Texas. Residents described their individual health status as excellent, but depicted the community's health status as fair. Unaffordable healthcare, limited access to healthcare, and environmental mediators were perceived to impact the Fresno community's health status. Our findings suggest a need to begin to examine health outcomes for minority residents in other unincorporated communities.

Addressing cancer health disparities using a global biopsychosocial approach.

The Center for Research on Minority Health has translated the biopsychosocial framework to address global cancer health disparities through the integration of biological (eg, endogenous steroids, genetic susceptibility, and pesticide levels) and behavioral (eg, dietary interventions) determinants, along with community-based research (eg, comprehensive involvement of community advisory boards) and educational approaches (eg, kindergarten through postgraduate training). Evidence of successful implementation of this framework includes health disparities training for >2000 individuals ranging from elementary to the postgraduate level, and conducting transdisciplinary projects that incorporate traditional and nontraditional health professionals to examine associations between biological and nonbiological determinants of health. Examples and recommendations for implementation of the biopsychosocial approach as it applies to cancer health disparities research are described.