Silencing genes by RNA interference in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica.

Experimental procedures using the RNA interference (RNAi) approach have recently emerged as a powerful tool for gene silencing in eukaryotic microbes for which gene replacement techniques have not yet been developed. Our group has recently explored RNAi to knock down gene-specific expression in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, through delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides by the soaking approach. Standardized conditions for the soaking of E. histolytica trophozoites with siRNAs result in highly specific and significant silencing of parasite cognate genes. Real-time PCR analysis indicates that a 16-hour treatment with siRNAs usually results in half-extinction of target messenger RNA. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of trophozoite crude extracts with the use of specific antibodies shows a similar reduction of cognate protein levels after siRNA treatment.

Cloning, characterization, and functional expression of Taenia solium calreticulin.

Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum protein involved in the homeostasis of intracellular Ca++ and other physiological processes. A complementary DNA clone containing the complete coding sequence of Taenia solium calreticulin (TsCRT) was isolated and characterized. Recombinant TsCRT was expressed in bacteria as a 50-kDa protein that specifically bound calcium when tested in a radioassay. The deduced amino acid sequence has 47-50% identity with other reported calreticulins. Poor recognition of TsCRT by human and pig sera with confirmed cysticercosis discourages its use for diagnosis of the disease. However, further characterization and localization studies could provide insights into the role of TsCRT in T. solium physiology and host-parasite interactions.

[Toward development of a Taenia solium paramyosin-based vaccine against porcine cysticercosis]. / Hacia el desarrollo de una vacuna en contra de la cisticercosis porcina basada en la paramiosina de Taenia solium.

Taenia solium paramyosin (TPmy) is a prominent 100 kDa antigen in human and porcine cysticercosis. TPmy is an alpha-helical coiled coil protein present in muscle and tegumentary structures of T. solium cysticerci. TPmy has the property of binding C1q resulting in inhibition of the complement cascade. TPmy probably binds C1q through its collagen-like domains and could be involved in a parasite strategy to modulate host immune response. Humoral immune response against TPmy is prefrentially directed against carboxyl terminal end in humans and mice, whereas amino terminal end of TPmy preferentially induces a Th1-related cellular immune response. Protection studies in murine model of cysticercosis showed that the amino terminal end fragment of TPmy induces approximately 60% protection against an i.p. challenge with Taenia crassiceps cysts when mice are immunized with recombinant fragments of TPmy. Initial protection studies using genetic immunization showed that amino terminal end fragment of TPmy cloned into a plasmid expression vector with a cytomegalovirus promoter, together with IL-12-expressing plasmids induced 79% protection, suggesting that this kind of TPmy-immunization might result in development of a cost-effective vaccine against cysticercosis.

Synthetic peptide-targeted selection of phage display mimotopes highlights immunogenic features of α-helical vs non-helical epitopes of Taenia solium paramyosin: implications for parasite- and host-protective roles of the protein.

Paramyosin of the pig-human parasite Taenia solium (TPmy) is a α-helical protein located on the worm surface that is suggested to fulfill an immunomodulatory role protecting the parasite against host immune system. Besides, in challenging experiments the protein shows a vaccine potential. These observations imply that TPmy harbors antigenic determinants for each of these contrasting actions. However the suggestion was not given a support from experimental data because respective epitopes have not been described thus far. To circumvent this difficulty, we use synthetic peptides with sequences of regions composed of α-helical or linear structure to induce rabbit antibody responses for phage-display mapping of epitope core amino-acid sets. Antibodies to α-helical regions were weak binders and M13 phage-displayed peptides selected by them from two different libraries exhibited no amino-acid similarities with the original protein site. In contrast, the antibodies produced in response to non-helical segment within α-helical structure were better binders and selectors of perfect structural mimics of the protein site. This first phage display epitope analysis of TPmy supports the notion that the rod-like α-helix, which encompasses over 90% of the total amino acids, may serve as an immunomodulatory shield that protects the parasite. Further, the seven non-helical segments of the TPmy molecule may represent the only anti-parasite discrete immunogenic epitopes whose representative mimotopes can be utilized in development of pure epitope vaccines.

Use of bacterially expressed dsRNA to downregulate Entamoeba histolytica gene expression.

BACKGROUND: Modern RNA interference (RNAi) methodologies using small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotide duplexes or episomally synthesized hairpin RNA are valuable tools for the analysis of gene function in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. However, these approaches still require time-consuming procedures including transfection and drug selection, or costly synthetic molecules. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report an efficient and handy alternative for E. histolytica gene down-regulation mediated by bacterial double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting parasite genes. The Escherichia coli strain HT115 which is unable to degrade dsRNA, was genetically engineered to produce high quantities of long dsRNA segments targeting the genes that encode E. histolytica beta-tubulin and virulence factor KERP1. Trophozoites cultured in vitro were directly fed with dsRNA-expressing bacteria or soaked with purified dsRNA. Both dsRNA delivery methods resulted in significant reduction of protein expression. In vitro host cell-parasite assays showed that efficient downregulation of kerp1 gene expression mediated by bacterial dsRNA resulted in significant reduction of parasite adhesion and lytic capabilities, thus supporting a major role for KERP1 in the pathogenic process. Furthermore, treatment of trophozoites cultured in microtiter plates, with a repertoire of eighty-five distinct bacterial dsRNA segments targeting E. histolytica genes with unknown function, led to the identification of three genes potentially involved in the growth of the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the use of bacterial dsRNA is a powerful method for the study of gene function in E. histolytica. This dsRNA delivery method is also technically suitable for the study of a large number of genes, thus opening interesting perspectives for the identification of novel drug and vaccine targets.

Control of scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis by novel ligands of different length.

The scavenger receptor recognized as a multiligand family of receptors falls in the group that is internalised through endocytosis. In this report we used several recombinant fragments of the tapeworm protein paramyosin, known to form filamentous dimers that bind collagenous structures as ligands of different length for the class A type I scavenger receptor (SR-AI). While native CHO cells are unresponsive to any of the recombinant fragments, it is shown that CHO cells transfected with this receptor efficiently internalise recombinant fragments that correspond to two thirds of the full-length paramyosin. In contrast, recombinant products corresponding to one-third of the full-length paramyiosin are not internalised. It is also shown that important molecules in the organization of the coated pit, are enriched when the two-thirds long paramyosin fragments were bound and internalised through the SR-AI. Moreover, internalisation of these fragments trigger a classical apoptotic pathway shown by the presence of TUNEL positive cells and the appearance of apoptotic bodies. We report paramyosin as a new ligand for the scavenger receptor and provide evidence supporting the notion that these receptors upon the formation of arrays with length-specific molecules, not only trigger endocytosis but also seem to regulate the synthesis of molecules involved in the organization of coated pits.

Genetic vaccination against murine cysticercosis by using a plasmid vector carrying Taenia solium paramyosin.

A plasmid vector carrying the immunoprotective amino-terminal fragment of Taenia solium paramyosin (VW2-1) was designed for genetic vaccination studies. Mice that were genetically immunized with VW2-1 and challenged by intraperitoneal inoculation of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci showed 43 to 48% reductions in the parasite burden, values which were similar to values obtained previously when the recombinant protein was used.

Hacia el desarrollo de una vacuna en contra de la cisticercosis porcina basada en la paramiosina de Taenia solium

La paramiosina de Taenia solium (TPmy) es un antígeno inmunodominante de la cisticercosis humana y porcina. Se trata de una proteína de 100 kDa con una estructura alfa-hélice superenrollada asociada al músculo y a estructuras tegumentarias del cisticerco. La TPmy tiene la propiedad de unirse al C1q e inhibir la cascada del complemento. La TPmy probablemente se une al C1q a través sus dominios tipo colágena y podría estar relacionada con una estrategia parasitaria para modular la respuesta inmune del huésped. En el hombre y en el ratón, la respuesta inmune humoral en contra de la TPmy está preferentemente dirigida hacia el extremo carboxilo terminal mientras que el extremo amino terminal de la TPmy induce una respuesta protectora celular de tipo Th1. Ensayos de protección en el modelo murino de cisticercosis en ratones inmunizados con fragmentos recombinantes de TPmy revelaron que el extremo amino terminal induce alrededor de 60% de protección en contra de un reto intraperitoneal con cisticercos de Taenia crassiceps. Ensayos preliminares de protección por inmunización génica revelaron que el extremo amino terminal de la TPmy clonado en un vector plasmídico con un promotor de citomegalovirus induce alrededor de 79% de protección, junto con plásmidos para la expresión de IL-12, sugiriendo que este tipo de inmunización con TPmy puede resultar en el desarrollo de una vacuna eficaz y económica en contra de la cisticercosis.

Taenia solium paramyosin (TPmy) is a prominent 100 kDa antigen in human and porcine cysticercosis. TPmy is an α-helical coiled coil protein present in muscle and tegumentary structures of T. solium cysticerci. TPmy has the property of binding C1q resulting in inhibition of the complement cascade. TPmy probably binds C1q through its collagen-like domains and could be involved in a parasite strategy to modulate host immune response. Humoral immune response against TPmy is preferentially directed against carboxyl terminal end in humans and mice, whereas amino terminal end of TPmy preferentially induces a Th1-related cellular immune response. Protection studies in murine model of cysticercosis showed that the amino terminal end fragment of TPmy induces approximately 60% protection against an i.p. challenge with Taenia crassiceps cysts when mice are immunized with recombinant fragments of TPmy. Initial protection studies using genetic immunization showed that amino terminal end fragment of TPmy cloned into a plasmid expression vector with a cytomegalovirus promoter, together with IL-12-expressing plasmids induced 79% protection, suggesting that this kind of TPmy-immunization might result in development of a cost-effective vaccine against cysticercosis.