Genotoxicity and safety pharmacology of the rVSVInd(GML)-mspSGtc vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs.

The emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to a pandemic, prompting rapid vaccine development. Although vaccines are effective, the occurrence of rare adverse events following vaccination highlights the necessity of determining whether the benefits outweigh the risks posed by the infection itself. The recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV) platform is a promising vector for vaccines against emerging viruses. However, limited studies have evaluated the genotoxicity and safety pharmacology of this viral vector vaccine, which is crucial to ensure the safety of vaccines developed using this platform. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the genotoxicity and safety pharmacology of the rVSVInd(GML)-mspSGtc COVID-19 vaccine using micronucleus and comet assays, as well as neurobehavioral, body temperature, respiratory, and cardiovascular assessments in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs. The intramuscular administration of rVSVInd(GML)-mspSGtc at doses up to 1.5 × 109 PFU/animal did not increase the number of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or cause liver DNA damage. Additionally, it had no significant impact on neurobehavioral functions in rats and showed marginal temporary changes in body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and electrocardiogram parameters in rats and dogs, all of which resolved within 24 h. Overall, following genotoxicity and pharmacological safety assessments, rVSVInd(GML)-mspSGtc displayed no notable systemic adverse effects in rats and dogs, suggesting its potential as a vaccine candidate for human clinical trials.

Application of convolutional neural network for analyzing hepatic fibrosis in mice.

Recently, with the development of computer vision using artificial intelligence (AI), clinical research on diagnosis and prediction using medical image data has increased. In this study, we applied AI methods to analyze hepatic fibrosis in mice to determine whether an AI algorithm can be used to analyze lesions. Whole slide image (WSI) Sirius Red staining was used to examine hepatic fibrosis. The Xception network, an AI algorithm, was used to train normal and fibrotic lesion identification. We compared the results from two analyses, that is, pathologists' grades and researchers' annotations, to observe whether the automated algorithm can support toxicological pathologists efficiently as a new apparatus. The accuracies of the trained model computed from the training and validation datasets were greater than 99%, and that obtained by testing the model was 100%. In the comparison between analyses, all analyses showed significant differences in the results for each group. Furthermore, both normalized fibrosis grades inferred from the trained model annotated the fibrosis area, and the grades assigned by the pathologists showed significant correlations. Notably, the deep learning algorithm derived the highest correlation with the pathologists' average grade. Owing to the correlation outcomes, we conclude that the trained model might produce results comparable to those of the pathologists' grading of the Sirius Red-stained WSI fibrosis. This study illustrates that the deep learning algorithm can potentially be used for analyzing fibrotic lesions in combination with Sirius Red-stained WSIs as a second opinion tool in non-clinical research.

Implementation and Practice of Deep Learning-Based Instance Segmentation Algorithm for Quantification of Hepatic Fibrosis at Whole Slide Level in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Exponential development in artificial intelligence or deep learning technology has resulted in more trials to systematically determine the pathological diagnoses using whole slide images (WSIs) in clinical and nonclinical studies. In this study, we applied Mask Regions with Convolution Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), a deep learning model that uses instance segmentation, to detect hepatic fibrosis induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Sprague-Dawley rats. From 51 WSIs, we collected 2011 cropped images with hepatic fibrosis annotations. Training and detection of hepatic fibrosis via artificial intelligence methods was performed using Tensorflow 2.1.0, powered by an NVIDIA 2080 Ti GPU. From the test process using tile images, 95% of model accuracy was verified. In addition, we validated the model to determine whether the predictions by the trained model can reflect the scoring system by the pathologists at the WSI level. The validation was conducted by comparing the model predictions in 18 WSIs at 20× and 10× magnifications with ground truth annotations and board-certified pathologists. Predictions at 20× showed a high correlation with ground truth (R2 = 0.9660) and a good correlation with the average fibrosis rank by pathologists (R2 = 0.8887). Therefore, the Mask R-CNN algorithm is a useful tool for detecting and quantifying pathological findings in nonclinical studies.

Preclinical assessment of thrombin-preconditioned human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells for neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury.

Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of brain injury affecting approximately 1 million newborn babies per year worldwide, the only treatment for which is therapeutic hypothermia. Thrombin-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert neuroprotective effects by enriching cargo contents and boosting exosome biogenesis, thus showing promise as a new therapeutic strategy for HIE. This study was conducted to evaluate the tissue distribution and potential toxicity of thrombin-preconditioned human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (th-hWJMSCs) in animal models before the initiation of clinical trials. We investigated the biodistribution, tumorigenicity and general toxicity of th-hWJMSCs. MSCs were administered the maximum feasible dose (1 × 105 cells/10 µL/head) once, or at lower doses into the cerebral ventricle. To support the clinical use of th-hWJMSCs for treating brain injury, preclinical safety studies were conducted in newborn Sprague-Dawley rats and BALB/c nude mice. In addition, growth parameters were evaluated to assess the impact of th-hWJMSCs on the growth of newborn babies. Our results suggest that th-hWJMSCs are non-toxic and non-tumorigenic in rodent models, survive for up to 7 days in the brain and hold potential for HIE therapy.

Magnesium augments immunosuppressive effects of a corticosteroid in obese mice with airway inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Magnesium deficiency common in obesity is known to promote chronic low-grade inflammation and aggravate asthma symptoms; however, the effects of magnesium supplementation in obese asthmatic patients have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of magnesium co-administration with dexamethasone on airway inflammation in obese mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet, sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic reactions, challenged with aerosolized OVA, and administered dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) with or without magnesium. Bronchial inflammation was analyzed based on the presence of inflammatory cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, total and OVA-specific IgE in serum, goblet cells ratios, bronchial wall thickness, and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. RESULTS: In obese mice, co-administration of magnesium and dexamethasone decreased IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and total and OVA-specific IgE in serum, and reduced α-smooth muscle actin-positive areas in the bronchi compared with mice treated with dexamethasone alone. However, no differences were observed in dexamethasone-treated normal-weight mice depending on magnesium supplementation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that magnesium increases immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone in airway inflammation aggravated by obesity, suggesting that magnesium supplementation may have a potential in alleviating asthma symptoms in obese patients with reduced responses to corticosteroids.

Subacute dermal toxicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids: comparison with different carbon-chain lengths in human skin equivalents and systemic effects of perfluoroheptanoic acid in Sprague Dawley rats.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in various fields but raise concerns regarding human health and environmental consequences. Among PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (SC PFCAs) are detectable in skin-contact consumer products and have dermal absorption potential. Here, we investigated the effects of dermal exposure to PFOA and SC PFCAs using in vitro and in vivo models. Human skin equivalents were topically treated with 0.25 mM and 2.5 mM PFOA and SC PFCAs (perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPeA; perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHxA; and perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFHpA) for 6 days, and cell viability, interleukin (IL)-1α, oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, MDA; and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), and histopathology were examined. MDA levels were significantly higher in the PFASs groups than in controls. Compared with SC PFCAs, 2.5 mM PFOA caused more IL-1α (p < 0.001) release, decreased skin thickness and microscopic abnormalities. To evaluate systemic effects, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were dermally treated with 250 and 1000 mg/kg PFHpA for 2 weeks and clinical and anatomic pathology were assessed. At 1000 mg/kg, 83% of the rats died, with severe ulcerative dermatitis at the application site. Adverse PFHpA-treated systemic changes were observed in the kidney, liver and testes, and histopathologic lesions such as renal tubular necrosis, hepatocellular necrosis, and germ cell degeneration were seen at 250 and 1000 mg/kg. Our study suggests that SC PFCAs have fewer effects on the skin than PFOA, but SC PFCAs can have adverse effects on major organs with systemic exposure at high concentrations.

Toxicological assessments of an ethanol extract complex of Descurainia sophia and Peucedanum praeruptorum: Subacute oral toxicity and genotoxicity studies.

An ethanol extract complex of Descurainia sophia seeds and Peucedanum praeruptorum roots, called BP10A, has antitumor potential against colorectal cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the 28-day oral toxicity and the genotoxicity of BP10A. The subacute toxicity test was done through oral administration to mice. ICR mice (n = 10) received daily oral BP10A doses of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days. During administration, general clinical signs, food consumption, organ weights, and hematologic, biochemical and histopathological parameters in male and female mice were assessed. No significant adverse effects up to the highest dose (2000 mg/kg) were found. The genotoxicity was evaluated using a battery of tests, including an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test, an in vivo micronucleus test using bone marrow cells in ICR mice and a chromosomal aberration test using CHL/IU cells. BP10A did not show any genotoxic signs in the Ames (up to 5000 µg/plate), micronucleus (up to 5000 mg/kg) and the chromosomal aberration tests (550-1750 µg/mL). Therefore, BP10A was considered safe based on the subacute toxicity and genotoxicity results, indicating that it is a useful pharmaceutical material with no adverse toxicity.

In vitro skin irritation assessment using EpiDerm™: applicability for updating toxicity information of oxybenzone and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide.

A skin irritation test using in vitro reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models was established for hazard identification of irritant chemicals in accordance with UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) category. In this study, EpiDerm™ was used to assess skin irritation by oxybenzone and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), which are widely used sunscreen and insect repellent components, respectively. EpiDerm™ was applied with oxybenzone and DEET, combined and sequentially with each single dose. Epidermal morphology and differentiation/proliferation were examined microscopically. Oxybenzone and sequential administration groups were determined as nonirritant with cell viability >50% and the morphology was comparable to the human epidermis. Contrastingly, the DEET and coadministration groups exhibited cell viability <50% and poor epidermal morphology. Interleukin (IL)-1α release from substance-treated EpiDerm™ increased inversely to cell viability, suggesting the pro-inflammatory reaction was initiated by DEET. CK-10, E-cadherin, Ki-67, laminin, and ceramide were identified as relevant markers to assess oxybenzone- or DEET-induced epidermal injury. In conclusion, these results may indicate to be aware of the possible skin irritation by indiscriminate use of oxybenzone and DEET without animal testing.

Effect of Veratrum maackii on Testosterone Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats.

Veratrum maackii (VM), a perennial plant in the Melanthiaceae family, has anti-hypertensive, anti-cholinergic, anti-asthmatic, anti-tussive, anti-fungal, anti-melanogenesis, and anti-tumor activities. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of VM on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in human normal prostate cell line (WPMY-1) and a testosterone propionate-induced BPH animal model. WPMY-1 cells were treated with VM (1-10 µg/mL) and testosterone propionate (100 nM). BPH in rats was generated via daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (3 mg/kg) dissolved in corn oil, for 4 weeks. VM (150 mg/kg) was administered daily for 4 weeks by oral gavage concurrently with the testosterone propionate. All rats were sacrificed and the prostates were dissected, weighed, and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical examinations. Immunoblotting experiments indicated that WPMY-1 cells treated testosterone propionate had increased expression of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and androgen receptor (AR), and treatment with VM or finasteride blocked this effect. In rat model, VM significantly reduced prostate weight, prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and expression of proliferation markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1, but increased the expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and the cleavage of caspase-3. VM administration also suppressed the testosterone propionate-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). Our results indicate that VM effectively represses the development of testosterone propionate-induced BPH, suggesting it may be a useful treatment agent for BPH.

Quisqualis indica Improves Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating Prostate Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis.

Quisqualis indica (QI) has been used for treating disorders such as stomach pain, constipation, and digestion problem. This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of QI extract on treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line and a testosterone-induced BPH rat model. LNCaP cells were treated with QI plus testosterone propionate (TP), and androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression levels were assessed by Western blotting. To induce BPH, the rats were subjected to a daily subcutaneous injection of TP (3 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The rats in treatment group were orally gavaged with QI (150 mg/kg) together with the TP injection. In-vitro studies showed that TP-induced increases in AR and PSA expression in LNCaP cells were reduced by QI treatment. In BPH-model rats, the prostate weight, testosterone in serum, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration and 5α-reductase type 2 mRNA expression in prostate tissue were significantly reduced following the treatment with QI. TP-induced prostatic hyperplasia and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 were significantly attenuated in QI-treated rats. In addition, QI induced apoptosis by up-regulating caspase-3 and -9 activity and decreasing the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) ratio in prostate tissues of BPH rats. Further investigation showed that TP-induced activation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) was reduced by QI administration. Therefore, our findings suggest that QI attenuates the BPH state in rats through anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities and might be useful in the clinical treatment of BPH.

Twenty-six-week oral carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in CB6F1-rasH2 transgenic mice.

The carcinogenic potential of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) was evaluated in a short-term carcinogenicity testing study using CB6F1 rasH2-Tg (rasH2-Tg) mice. 3-MCPD is found in many foods and food ingredients as a result of storage or processing and is regarded as a carcinogen since it is known to induce Leydig cell and kidney tumors in rats. Male and female rasH2-Tg mice were administered 3-MCPD once daily by oral gavage at doses of 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for 26 weeks. As a positive control, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection (75 mg/kg). In 3-MCPD-treated mice, there was no increase in the incidence of neoplastic lesions compared to the incidence in vehicle control mice. However, 3-MCPD treatment resulted in an increased incidence of tubular basophilia in the kidneys and germ cell degeneration in the testes, with degenerative germ cell debris in the epididymides of males at 20 and 40 mg/kg bw per day. In 3-MCPD-treated females, vacuolation of the brain and spinal cord was observed at 40 mg/kg bw per day; however, only one incidence of vacuolation was observed in males. Forestomach and cutaneous papilloma and/or carcinoma and lymphoma were observed in most rasH2 mice receiving MNU treatment. We concluded that 3-MCPD did not show carcinogenic potential in the present study using rasH2-Tg mice. The findings of this study suggest that the carcinogenic potential of 3-MCPD is species specific.

Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice are resistant to the lethal effects of thioacetamide hepatotoxicity.

Obesity increases the risk of chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, alcohol-induced liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, we investigated the effects of obesity in acute hepatic failure using a murine model of thioacetamide (TA)-induced liver injury. Genetically obese ob/ob mice, together with non-obese ob/+ littermates, were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of TA, and examined for signs of hepatic injury. ob/ob mice showed a significantly higher survival rate, lower levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and less hepatic necrosis and apoptosis, compared with ob/+ mice. In addition, ob/ob mice exhibited significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde and significantly higher levels of glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities compared with their ob/+ counterparts. Bioactivation analyses revealed reduced plasma clearance of TA and covalent binding of [(14)C]TA to liver macromolecules in ob/ob mice. Together, these data demonstrate that genetically obese mice are resistant to TA-induced acute liver injury through diminished bioactivation of TA and antioxidant effects.

Protective Effects of Manassantin A against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats.

Manassantin A, a neolignan isolated from Saururus chinensis, is a major phytochemical compound that has various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, neuroleptic, and human acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitory activities. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of manassantin A against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. Gastric injury was induced by intragastric administration of 5 mL/kg body weight of absolute ethanol to each rat. The positive control group and the manassantin A group were given oral doses of omeprazole (20 mg/kg) or manassantin A (15 mg/kg), respectively, 1 h prior to the administration of absolute ethanol. Our examinations revealed that manassantin A pretreatment reduced ethanol-induced hemorrhage, hyperemia, and epithelial cell loss in the gastric mucosa. Manassantin A pretreatment also attenuated the increased lipid peroxidation associated with ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions, increased the mucosal glutathione (GSH) content, and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß were clearly decreased in the manassantin A-pretreated group. In addition, manassantin A pretreatment enhanced the levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reduced the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overproduction and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation. Collectively, these results indicate that manassantin A protects the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced acute gastric injury, and suggest that these protective effects might be associated with COX/PGE2 stimulation, inhibition of iNOS production and NF-κB activation, and improvements in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status.

Effects of maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) during pregnancy on susceptibility to neonatal asthma.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used as a plasticizer and is widely dispersed in the environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy on neonatal asthma susceptibility using a murine model of asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA). Pregnant BALB/c mice received DEHP from gestation day 13 to lactation day 21. Their offspring were sensitized on postnatal days (PNDs) 9 and 15 by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5µg OVA with 200µg aluminum hydroxide. On PNDs 22, 23 and 24, live pups received an airway challenge of OVA for 30min. Offspring from pregnant mice that received DEHP showed reductions in inflammatory cell count, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and eotaxin in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in total immunoglobulin E and OVA-specific IgE in their plasma compared with offspring from pregnant mice that did not receive DEHP treatment. These results were consistent with histological analysis and immunoblotting. Maternal exposure to DEHP reduces airway inflammation and mucus production in offspring, with a decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lung tissue. This study suggests that maternal exposure to DEHP during pregnancy reduces asthmatic responses induced by OVA challenge in offspring. These effects were considered to be closely related to the suppression of Th2 immune responses and iNOS expression.

Heterosubtypic protective immunity against widely divergent influenza subtypes induced by fusion protein 4sM2 in BALB/c mice.

BACKGROUND: Regular reformulation of currently available vaccines is necessary due to the unpredictable variability of influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccine based on a highly conserved antigen with capability of induction of effective immune responses could be a potential solution. Influenza matrix protein-2 (M2) is highly conserved across influenza subtypes and a promising candidate for a broadly protective influenza vaccine. For the enhancement of broad protection, four tandem copies of consensus M2 gene containing extracellular (ED) and cytoplasmic (CD) without the trans-membrane domain (TM) reconstituted from H1N1, H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses were linked and named as 4sM2. The construct was effectively expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and proteins were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were investigated following administration. RESULTS: Mice were intramuscularly immunized with 4sM2 protein 2 times at 2 weeks interval. Two weeks after the last immunization, first humoral and cell mediated immune response specific to sM2 protein were evaluated and the mice were challenged with a lethal dose (10MLD50) of divergent subtypes A/EM/Korea/W149/06(H5N1), A/PR/8/34(H1N1), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005(H5N2), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W44/2005(H7N3), and A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004(H9N2) viruses. The efficacy of 4sM2 was evaluated by determining survival rates, body weights and residual lung viral titers. Our studies demonstrate that the survival of mice immunized with 4sM2 was significantly higher (80-100% survival) than that of unimmunized mice (0% survival). We also examined the long lasting protection against heterosubtype H5N2 virus and found that mice vaccinated with 4sM2 displayed 80% of protection even after 6 months of final vaccination. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that prokaryotic expressed multimeric sM2 protein achieved cross protection against lethal infection of divergent influenza subtypes which are lasting for the long time.

Red ginseng ameliorates acute cisplatin-induced nephropathy.

Korean red ginseng is one of the traditional herbal medicines most widely used in China, Korea, and Japan. To determine whether Korean red ginseng extract can mitigate acute renal nephropathy, we examined its renoprotective effects in a model of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in Sprague Dawley rats. Korean red ginseng was administered to rats by oral gavage once a day at doses of 100, 300, or 500 mg/kg for 28 days. On day 23, the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) to induce acute renal failure. Body weight gain, urine volume, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, and expression of p53 were measured. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling was used to analyze apoptosis. Kidney tissues from the control and experimental groups were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for inflammatory cytokines and histopathological examination. To identify the mechanism responsible for the renoprotective effects of Korean red ginseng, we measured malondialdehyde concentration as an end product of lipid peroxidation and the activities of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Korean red ginseng significantly decreased the levels of indicators of renal dysfunction, inflammatory cytokine expression, apoptosis, and malondialdehyde content in the kidney and also significantly attenuated the histopathological changes associated with acute renal failure. These findings suggest that Korean red ginseng has renoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced acute renal failure by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Renal abscess in a Lionhead rabbit due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Escherichia coli: A case report.

Background: In rabbits, renal abscesses (pus-filled sores) are rare and diagnosis remains challenging. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the clinical manifestation and diagnostic tests associated with renal abscess identification in rabbits. Case Description: A four-and-a-half-year-old castrated male Lionhead rabbit with a history of poor appetite and abdominal distension was admitted to the animal hospital. Blood analysis, radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography scans revealed a kidney abscess found within the renal parenchyma, with severe loss of the cortex and medulla, extending toward the capsule. Consequently, the rabbit underwent nephrectomy. The enlarged right kidney was surgically removed. Histopathological examination of the affected kidney showed severe necrosis and ischemic zones, atrophy of the renal tubules, and prominent heterophils with mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction confirmed Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Escherichia coli infections, respectively. Conclusion: This report provides novel insights into the diagnosis of renal abscesses in Lionhead rabbits.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the lungs of a wild Korean raccoon dog.

A male Korean raccoon dog of unknown age was rescued and placed at the Daejeon Wildlife Rescue Center, Korea. Physical examination revealed severe emaciation and dehydration, as well as thick crusts and alopecia over most of the body. During medical care, the animal died and was submitted for postmortem examination. Firm, brown-red lesions of various sizes were observed on the surface of the lungs. In cross-sections of the lungs, pulmonary vessels were thickened and dilated, with white irregular papillary luminal projections. Histologically, pulmonary blood vessels were severely hyperplastic, characterized by thickened dilated walls and fibrous papillary projections covered with a single layer of endothelial cells (ECs). Hyperplastic fibrous connective tissue was confirmed by Masson trichrome staining. The ECs expressed CD31. We diagnosed the lesion as intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia, a unique non-neoplastic reactive process that has not been reported previously in pulmonary vessels of canids, equids, or felids, to our knowledge.

Ginsenoside Rh1 ameliorates the asthma and allergic inflammation via inhibiting Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo.

AIMS: Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and its-mediated immune cell infiltration play a crucial role in asthma progression. In this study, we investigated the role of ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1) in ovalbumin (OVA)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced allergic asthma both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND MAIN METHODS: The phorbol ester (PMA) and LPS were used to induce inflammation in lung airway cells and macrophage activation, respectively. Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and immunofluorescence (IF) assays were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. To evaluating the effects of Rh1 in vivo, OVA and LPS were used to establish allergic asthma models. KEY FINDINGS: Rh1 significantly suppressed PMA-induced lung inflammation and macrophage activation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, MCP-1), ICMA-1, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) in A549 cells. Rh1 abolished the PMA-induced inflammation by suppressing MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB p65. Pretreatment with Rh1 blocked PMA-mediated translocation of NF-κB, a key marker of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, into the nucleus. Similar to PMA-induced lung inflammation, Rh1 suppressed LPS-induced macrophage activation by suppressing NF-κB p65 activation and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and mRNA expression. Consistent with in vitro data, LPS injection enhanced the number of immune cells induced by OVA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas 20 mg/kg Rh1 significantly decreased OVA/LPS-mediated immune cell induction. In addition, Rh1 inhibited eosinophil, macrophage, and neutrophil maturation through by IL-4 and OVA-specific IgE production. SIGNIFICANCE: Rh1 protects against OVA/LPS-induced allergic asthma by suppressing immune cell infiltration by blocking the activation of MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Sustained delivery of triamcinolone acetonide from a thermosensitive microemulsion gel system for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss.

Intratympanic administration for the delivery of steroids has been extensively studied but limited because of low permeability of the drug through the row window membrane. Here, to effectively deliver poorly soluble triamcinolone acetonide (TA), microemulsions (ME) were prepared from Capmul MCM (oil), Cremophor RH40 (surfactant), and tetraglycol (cosurfactant) based on solubility studies, emulsifying ability test, and pseudoternary phase diagrams. Microemulsion gel (MEG) was prepared by mixing TA-ME with a poloxamer hydrogel base. The physicochemical properties of ME and MEG formulations were characterized, and the toxicity and oto-protective effectiveness were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The ME-3 formulation showed a small droplet size (16.5 ± 0.2 nm), narrow PDI (0.067 ± 0.041), and enhanced TA solubility (2619.7 ± 57.6 µg/g). The optimized MEG demonstrated temperature-dependent gelation with a gelation time of 208 ± 10 sec at 37 °C. Slow degradation of the gel matrix sustained release of TA from MEG compared to the ME formulation. Both TA-ME and TA-MEG were found to be nontoxic to NIH3T3 cells at the test concentrations (0 to 5 µg/mL), and biocompatible after intratympanic administration to mice. The incorporation of ME into thermosensitive hydrogels prolonged retention of TA at the site of administration until 6 days. As a consequence, the enhanced drug absorption into the cochlea in TA-MEG group (approximately 2 times higher than other groups) protected hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and stria vascular cells from cisplatin-induced damage. Therefore, this injectable TA-loaded MEG is an effective and safe vehicle for the sustained delivery of triamcinolone acetonide into the inner ear.