A non-canonical function of Arabidopsis ERECTA proteins and a role of the SWI3B subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in gibberellin signaling.

The Arabidopsis ERECTA family (ERf) of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) comprising ERECTA (ER), ERECTA-LIKE 1 (ERL1), and ERECTA-LIKE 2 (ERL2) controls epidermal patterning, inflorescence architecture, and stomata development and patterning. These proteins are reported to be plasma membrane associated. Here we show that the er/erl1/erl2 mutant exhibits impaired gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and perception alongside broad transcriptional changes. The ERf kinase domains were found to localize to the nucleus where they interact with the SWI3B subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex (CRCs). The er/erl1/erl2 mutant exhibits reduced SWI3B protein level and affected nucleosomal chromatin structure. Similar to swi3c and brm plants with inactivated subunits of SWI/SNF CRCs, it also does not accumulate DELLA RGA and GAI proteins. The ER kinase phosphorylates SWI3B in vitro, and the inactivation of all ERf proteins leads to the decreased phosphorylation of SWI3B protein in vivo. The identified correlation between DELLA overaccumulation and SWI3B proteasomal degradation, and the physical interaction of SWI3B with DELLA proteins indicate an important role of SWI3B-containing SWI/SNF CRCs in gibberellin signaling. Co-localization of ER and SWI3B on GID1 (GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1) DELLA target gene promoter regions and abolished SWI3B binding to GID1 promoters in er/erl1/erl2 plants supports the conclusion that ERf-SWI/SNF CRC interaction is important for transcriptional control of GA receptors. Thus, the involvement of ERf proteins in the transcriptional control of gene expression, and observed similar features for human HER2 (epidermal growth family receptor member), indicate an exciting target for further studies of evolutionarily conserved non-canonical functions of eukaryotic membrane receptors.

Evaluation of selected health behaviours in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases - a preliminary report.

In treating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), regular physical activity (PA) and healthy behaviours play an increasingly important role. AIM: The aim of the study was to analyse PA with motivation to undertake it, health behaviours, and level of self-esteem in individuals with IBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 50 (mean age 39.1±11.5 years) adults with IBD hospitalised in Poznan. The control group consisted of 50 (mean age 40.7±9.1 years) healthy volunteers. The survey included sociodemographic data, Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO), Inventory of Health Behaviours (IHB), and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Differences between groups were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Most respondents of both groups did not undertake any PA. The values of IPAO categories in a group with IBD were significantly higher compared to the control group. Also, people with IBD had a statistically more significant value of general intensity index of health behaviour and statistically higher self-esteem than a group of healthy people. CONCLUSIONS: We found that people with IBD show a greater awareness of the impact of their health behaviour on their health when compared to control. However, the authors recorded the unsatisfactory level of motivation to undertake daily PA and practical pro-health activities. In treating these chronically ill patients, physicians should pay more attention to adequate education and motivation for regular exercise and appropriate health behaviours in everyday life.

SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and glucose metabolism are deregulated in advanced bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is a frequently diagnosed malignancy affecting predominantly adult and elderly populations. It is expected that due to the longer life time, BC will become even more frequent in the future; thus in consequence, it will represent serious health problem of older society part. The treatment of advanced BC is mostly ineffective due to its very aggressive behavior. So far, no effective targeted therapy is used for BC treatment. Here, we found that BC is characterized by lower protein levels of BRM, INI1, and BAF155 main subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex (CRC) which is involved in global control of gene expression and influences various important cellular processes like: cell cycle control, apoptosis, DNA repair, etc. Moreover, the expression of SMARCA2, a BRM encoding gene, strongly correlated with BC metastasis and expression of such metabolic genes as PKM2 and PRKAA1. Furthermore, the analysis of T24 and 5637 commonly used BC cell lines revealed different expression levels of metabolic genes including FBP1 gene encoding Frutose-1,6-Bisphosphatase, an enzyme controlling glycolysis flux and gluconeogenesis. The tested BC cell lines exhibited various molecular and metabolic alterations as well as differential glucose uptake, growth rate, and migration potential. We have shown that BRM subunit is involved in the transcriptional control of genes encoding metabolic enzymes. Moreover, we found that the FBP1 expression level and the SWI/SNF CRCs may serve as markers of molecular subtypes of BC. Collectively, this study may provide a new knowledge about the molecular and metabolic BC subtypes which likely will be of high importance for the clinic in the future.

Application of Pilates-based exercises in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: state of the art.

According to the current recommendations on the management of chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP), the intervention in this group of patients should include a programme of exercises. Pilates is a system of exercises widely used in patients with low back pain. The practices based on this method have promoted the restoration of the function of muscles involved in lumbopelvic stabilisation, that is, transversus abdominis, multifidus, diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles. During each exercise, specific principles of this method should be followed to restore or sustain the motor control of the lumbar spine and proper body posture. The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the application of Pilates method in the management of CNLBP as well as to define factors (eg, duration, frequency, exercises performed on a mat or specific equipment) influencing the effectiveness of Pilates in these individuals.

Medicine and Physiotherapy students: are they physically active? Comparative research on Spanish and German population.

Despite the fact that regular physical activity is beneficial to human life, there are still more and more overweight and obese people throughout the world today. Healthy habits taken from home or socioeconomic situation are factors which might influence on regular physical activity. People who lead a healthy lifestyle in childhood are also active during adulthood. On the other hand academic life might promote less healthy lifestyle. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the level of physical activity of both German and Spanish students of Medicine and Physiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 100 Spanish and 100 German students aged from 19 to 24 years. Based on Eurobarometer 72.3, the respondents were asked a set of questions regarding physical activity. The chi-squared test (χ2) and Mann-Whitney U test were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The vast majority of students presented a normal BMI value, but it was not related to high physical activity. More than one-third of all students seldom practised any sports. The Spanish students usually did some form of physical activity outdoors, whereas the German students exercised in a fitness centre. Lack of time was to the Medicine and Physiotherapy students the most significant factor that did not allow them to be more physically active. CONCLUSIONS: Medicine and Physiotherapy students should be more physically active in order to promote a good, healthy lifestyle model to society and there should be more physical activity education to encourage more students to practise sports.

The organisation of physiotherapy for people with multiple sclerosis across Europe: a multicentre questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the organisational set-up of physiotherapy services across different countries is increasingly important as clinicians around the world use evidence to improve their practice. This also has to be taken into consideration when multi-centre international clinical trials are conducted. This survey aimed to systematically describe organisational aspects of physiotherapy services for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) across Europe. METHODS: Representatives from 72 rehabilitation facilities within 23 European countries completed an online web-based questionnaire survey between 2013 and 2014. Countries were categorised according to four European regions (defined by United Nations Statistics). Similarities and differences between regions were examined. RESULTS: Most participating centres specialized in rehabilitation (82 %) and neurology (60 %), with only 38 % specialising in MS. Of these, the Western based Specialist MS centres were predominately based on outpatient services (median MS inpatient ratio 0.14), whilst the Eastern based European services were mostly inpatient in nature (median MS inpatient ratio 0.5). In almost all participating countries, medical doctors - specialists in neurology (60 %) and in rehabilitation (64 %) - were responsible for referral to/prescription of physiotherapy. The most frequent reason for referral to/prescription of physiotherapy was the worsening of symptoms (78 % of centres). Physiotherapists were the most common members of the rehabilitation team; comprising 49 % of the team in Eastern countries compared to approximately 30 % in the rest of Europe. Teamwork was commonly adopted; 86 % of centres based in Western countries utilised the interdisciplinary model, whilst the multidisciplinary model was utilised in Eastern based countries (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: This survey is the first to provide data about organisational aspects of physiotherapy for people with MS across Europe. Overall, care in key organisational aspects of service provision is broadly similar across regions, although some variations, for example the models of teamwork utilised, are apparent. Organisational framework specifics should be considered anytime a multi-centre study is conducted and results from such studies are applied.

The role of antithyroglobulin, antiperoxidase and anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (A two-center study).

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that patients experiencing side effects of amiodarone (AM) therapy, such as amiodarone-induced thyrotoxocosis (AIT) or amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH), have changes in serum concentrations of anti-TSH receptor (TSHR), antithyroglobulin (Tg), and antiperoxidase (TPO) autoantibodies (Abs). The purpose of our study was to identify and analyze the changes in levels of listed antibodies in patients with several thyroid disorders. METHODS: 280 patients from two centers in Poland were included. Titers of TSHR-Abs, TPO-Abs and Tg-Abs were analyzed retrospectively in the following groups of patients: A - euthyroid patients with a history of hyperthyroidism prior to re-administration of AM; B - patients with AIT who discontinued the AM therapy; C - patients with AIT chronically treated with AM; D - hypothyroid patients. RESULTS: Serum Tg-Abs were not elevated in any of the studied groups. However, there were significant differences between A and B and also D and other groups (p<0.05). TPO-Abs titers were not elevated in most cases, there were no significant differences between groups. The serum titers of TSHR-Abs were not elevated in any group. We found statistically significant differences between B and D, C and other groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the statistically significant differences observed for Tg-Abs and TSHR-Abs levels, this observation have a limited clinical applicability. In almost all cases we observed normal to slightly increased titers of TPO-Abs, Tg-Abs, TSHR-Abs. Discontinuation or continuation of AM therapy had no influence on autoantibody titers. Furthermore, we found it impossible to differentiate between the type I and II of AIT based on autoantibody titers.

[Analysis of effectiveness of selected treatment methods in patients with chronic low back pain]. / Analiza skutecznosci wybranych metod usprawniajacych u chorych z przewleklym zespolem bólowym dolnego odcinka kregoslupa.

UNLABELLED: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) are becoming more and more frequently met disorder in modern society. Appearance of these symptoms mainly contribute degenerative changes in spine joints. Preventive, noninvasive treatment constitutes an important factor in therapy of chronic pain, therefore effective treatment methods for inhibiting the disease progression, pain-reducing and retrieving patients the functional ability are still seeking. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasounds, exercise therapy and combination therapy of both methods in the treatment of CLBP and comparing their effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 90 patients in the age of 42-82 treated for CLBP as a result of degenerative changes. Patients were divided into three 30-members groups. The first group used treatment consisted of ultrasounds. The second one included only exercise therapy and the third one underwent the combination of both methods - exercise therapy and sonotherapy. Treatment was continued for 2 weeks and was performed daily with the weekend break. Assessment of the pain level of was done with a VAS scale and a Laitinen questionnaire. The level of functional disability was determined on the basis of a modified Oswestry questionnaire. The spine motion was measured according to the Zembaty's methodology. Patients were examined twice - before and after therapy. RESULTS: In all patients significant pain reduction was noticed. In addition, level of disability of patients became considerably less and the mobility of the spine for all tests increased significantly. There were no significant differences between groups after all therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasounds, exercise therapy and combination of these two methods had a similar effectiveness in treatment of CLBP.

[Analysis of using assistive devices by patients suffering from cerebral palsy - preliminary report]. / Analiza stosowanego zaopatrzenia ortopedycznego przez chorych na mózgowe porazenie dzieciece - doniesienie wstepne.

UNLABELLED: Cerebral palsy (CP) is still significant health and social issue in the world. Adults who suffer from that illness have problem with mobility which make their functioning much harder. Common symptoms include spasticity, chronic pain of musculoskeletal system, disturbance of sensation, epilepsy or mental retardation. AIM: The aim of the study was analysis of assistive devices used by patients with CP through childhood and adulthood. The results were compared with the situation in this field of CP patients in other countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 30 patients with CP in age between 20-43 living in Poznan and under the care of Occupational Therapy Workshop and Enviromental Self-help Houses. The research method was questionnaire which was directed to caregivers of adults with CP. They were asked about diagnosis, accompanying symptoms as well as assistive devices used during childhood and adulthood. RESULTS: During childhood wheelchair and standing frame were used the most often while during adulthood the most common were also the first mentioned above as well as rehabilitation lift. Although unfavourable evaluation of fitting assistive devices, majority of caregivers of CP sufferer claimed that there was varying improvement in patients motor functionality. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive rehabilitation and assistive devices are necessary for patients with CP during adulthood not less than during childhood. Wheelchairs are even more essential for adults than for children.

Functioning of women with migraine headaches.

BACKGROUND: Migraines are one of the most commonly occurring ailments affecting the nervous system. The aim of this research paper was to evaluate the effect migraines have on the everyday functioning of women. METHOD: The study involved women with diagnosed migraine headaches (IHS-2004) undergoing treatment at a neurological clinic. In order to evaluate the influence of headaches on the everyday functioning of women, a MSQ v.2 questionnaire was used, whereas pain severity was assessed on a linear VAS scale. RESULTS: Among the clinical factors, the most influential was the frequency of headaches. Headache duration was particularly significant for women below the age of 40. Pain severity cited at 8-10 pts on the VAS significantly disrupted and limited everyday functioning. On the emotional function subscale, the most influential factors were age, education, and the frequency of headaches. CONCLUSIONS: On account of headache frequency emerging as the most significant influencing factor, it is of the utmost importance to inform patients of the value of taking prophylactic measures. Central to this is the identification of factors that trigger the onset of migraines. This approach would greatly aid the individual in choosing the appropriate treatment, either pharmacological or others.

Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis in a case of Eisenmenger's syndrome.

Eisenmenger's syndrome is a condition due to any congenital heart defect with an intracardiac left-to-right communication that leads to pulmonary hypertension with reversed right-to-left blood flow and secondary cyanosis. The main complications of Eisenmenger's syndrome are heart failure and arrhythmias. Amiodarone, the drug of choice for arrhythmia treatment in such patients, can cause a number of complications, including amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT). Hereby, we present a 41-year-old patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome who developed AIT and was successfully treated with radioactive iodine therapy. The patient had an accompanying heart failure and had been treated with amiodarone due to chronic atrial fibrillation. Twenty months later he developed an AIT for which was treated with 814 MBq (22 mCi) radioactive iodine. Since 7 weeks later only a slight decline in thyroid hormones was observed, the patient was received a transient treatment with methimazole, which had to be withdrawn soon due to severe leucopenia. Because of the need to maintain amiodarone, a second ablative radioactive iodine dose was administered leading to complete clinical remission. In conclusion, this case demonstrates that even though amiodarone reduces iodine uptake to a very low level, the therapy with radioactive iodine can be still effective if it is given in a repeated dose to patients who require continuation of amiodarone.

The influence of radioiodine therapy on ocular changes and their relation to urine cotinine level in patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy.

OBJECTIVES: Radioiodine therapy (RIT) is frequently used as the definitive treatment in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism when remission is not achieved with anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs). In this observational study, we intended to examine whether the use of high doses of radioiodine (RAI) [22 mCi (814 MBq)] with prophylaxis of oral glucocorticoids (oGCS) does not exacerbate Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in smokers and non-smokers, especially regards to the urine level cotinine and ocular changes before and after RIT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The studied group consisted of 26 smokers, aged 28-61 years and 25 non-smoker patients, aged 21-54 years, respectively. The patients were enrolled to RAI after one-year of ineffective ATDs treatment. Criterion for inclusion in the study were patients with mild GO with hyperthyroidism at diagnosis based on the severity (NOSPECTS) and activity (CAS) scale. All the patients were subjected to RIT with oGCS prophylaxis and evaluated prospectively during a one-year follow-up. The ophthalmological examination was performed at various stages of RIT: initial pre-radioiodine administration, at the time of treatment 6, and 12 months after RAI. The present study is unique, because the urine cotinine measurement was employed to detect nicotine exposure, also in regard to smoking intensity. RESULTS: In smokers, the values of serum TPO-Abs were statistically significant in the second and six month (p<0.05) and in the second and after one year (p<0.005). The TSHR-Abs concentration was significantly higher in smokers (p<0.05), rising from 22.9±1.2 IU/L before therapy to 29.6±5.3 IU/L - 2 months, 32.6±8.6 IU/L - 6 months, and slightly decreased 28.9±10.6 IU/L - 12 months. These observed changes were statistically different between groups at baseline (p<0.05) and after one-year of follow-up (p<0.005). Mean urine cotinine were considerably higher in smokers comparing to non smokers in each point of observation [903.4±770.0 and 5.2±1.7 ng/mL at baseline (p<0.001), 412.8±277.3 and 3.0±0.6 ng/mL after 2 months (p<0.001), 452.0±245 and 6.6±3.6 after 6 months (p<0.001), 379.4±236.8 and 1.0±1.2 after one year (p<0.001)]. The CAS values in the smoking group before RIT increased statistically from 2.8±0.2 points at baseline to 4.3±0.3 after 6 months, and 4.0±0.5 (12 months), while in the non-smoking patients it was 1.4±0.2, 2.8±0.3 and 2.2±0.2, respectively. The level of urine cotinine correlated positively with CAS and TSHR-Ab in the smoking group (r=0.41; p<0.05) at baseline and during follow-up (2 months: r=0.46; p<0.001, 6 months: r=0.47, p<0.005; 12 months: r=0.46; p<0.005). In the NOSPECS classification, the symptoms changed from mild to moderate, mostly in smoking patients. CONCLUSIONS: 1) ablative RIT dose with prophylactic oral prednisone is a safe treatment in both smokers and non-smokers with mild GO; 2) The post hoc analysis showed that urinary level of cotinine can be very helpful in the assessment of exacerbation of ophthalmological clinical symptoms before and after RIT particularly in smokers.

Health Outcomes of Judo Training as an Organized Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review.

Judo, an organized physical activity for children and adolescents, has gained popularity worldwide. Physical activity is vital during times of rising obesity and a sedentary lifestyle in this age group. The article aims to review the current knowledge of the health benefits of judo-specific exercises for children and youth. Six international scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, UpToDate, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar) were searched from 1 January 2007 to 30 September 2022. The search focused on health-related factors regarding healthy preschool and school-aged judo practitioners. Sixteen original studies met the inclusion criteria. School-aged children aged 7-15 years were included in the analysis. The average training time was between two and six hours a week, with the judo intervention mainly ranging from nine months to three years. Most studies registered positive changes caused by judo training. The outcomes focused on maintaining or reducing body fat, increasing bone mineralization, and improving the function of the cardiorespiratory system compared to the non-practicing control group. However, there were no differences between judo and other sports groups. The main conclusions presented health benefits from judo-specific training in school-aged children and may support the World Health Organization recommendations concerning daily physical activity.

A rare case of Interferon-alpha-Induced Hyperthyroidism in patients with a chronic hepatitis C with granulocytopenia and transaminasemia treated successfully with radioiodine.

BACKGROUND: Conventional management of Interferon-α-Induced Hyperthyroidism (IIH) with radioactive iodine (RAI) may be used when treatment with beta blockers or antithyroid drugs (ATD), proves ineffective or is contraindicated. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 38-year-old woman who has been treated with combined pegylated interferon alpha (INF-α) and Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Destructive thyrotoxicosis appeared after four months of continuous IFN-α therapy and a beta blocker was prescribed. Initially, the patient presented normal TSH 2.4 µIU/mL, however during therapy with INF-α, TSH diminished to 0.05 and thyroid hormones were elevated: fT4 23.1 pmol/L, fT3 7.2 pmol/L. Ultrasound examination showed completely irregular and greatly decreased echogenicity of the thyroid gland. The radioiodine uptake (RAIU) was deeply decreased to 2 and 3% at 5 h and 24 h, respectively. The thyroid scintiscan showed lack of isotope accumulation. Hypothyroidism developed and L-thyroxine was prescribed. The following year, hyperthyroidism reoccurred with TSH 0.08 µIU/mL, fT4 26.4 pmol/L, fT3 8.2 pmol/L, positive TSHR-Abs 6.2 (normal <2 IU/L) and mild Graves' Ophthalmopathy (GO). RAIU values were 23% at 5 h and 46% at 24 h. Thyroid scintiscan showed diffuse goiter. At this point beta blocker was introduced and ATD was started. After three months of therapy an increased level of aminotransferases and granulocytopaenia were observed. Hence, the patient received RAI and glucocorticosteroid, while INF-α therapy was continued. After approximately 4 months, hypothyroidism reappeared with insignificantly raised TSH level. One year later the patient was euthyroid and required no further treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our report suggests that: 1. Radioiodine therapy might be an effective and safe method of treatment in cases of IIH with mild GO. 2. IFN-α therapy need not be discontinued in patients with IIH.

Thyroid associated orbitopathy--medication, radioiodine or operation?

This paper presents the current state of knowledge on the treatment of ophthalmopathy in the process of the Grave's disease. The question of prevention occupies a special place in the process of treatment as it has been clearly shown that exophthalmos is strongly associated with cigarette smoking. Therefore, before proceeding with any treatment, the patient should be advised to quit smoking as soon as possible. Further on in the publication, various forms of therapy are presented. Because of the unknown etiology, only symptomatic treatment can be applied, which includes steroids, radiotherapy and surgery. Patient care of patients with ophthalmopathy is a challenge even for an experienced clinician. Each case requires an individual approach that would take into account the severity of eye changes.

Principles of Judo Training as an Organised Form of Physical Activity for Children.

When organising judo training for children, it is essential to ensure maximum safety, and use an appropriate training methodology adapted to the age of the youngest judo athletes. This paper aims to review the current literature containing judo training principles and safety-related considerations for preschool (4-6 years) and school-age (7-12 years) children as an organised physical activity. Data were collected until October 2021 from eight international scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, UpToDate, Web of Science, Cochrane, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar). In the overviews, we found various times and frequencies of judo training for children. In preschool, the training time was 30-60 min with a frequency of 2-3 times per week, whereas in the school-age group, the training time was extended from 45 to 90 min 3-4 times per week. The most common injuries included upper arm injuries, followed by those of the lower limbs. In the future, it would be an advantage to systematise the methodology of judo training as an organised form of physical activity that can complement the daily dose of exercises recommended by the World Health Organization for maintaining children's general health.

The Role of Thyroid Hormones on Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis.

Nowadays obesity becomes a significant global problem. Hence, recently more and more attention has been paid to substances present in the body that have a significant impact on metabolic processes and thermogenesis, in the context of their potential use in the prevention and treatment of obesity. It is well known that the relationship between thyroid hormones and obesity is multilayered, however recently, more and more information about the possible relation between thyroid hormones and muscle metabolism has been published. The aim of this review is to present the most updated information on the physiological impact of thyroid hormones on muscle tissue, as well as pathological changes related to the occurrence of various types of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and sick euthyroid syndrome. However, the data in humans still remains insufficient, and further studies are needed to fully explore the thyroid-muscle cross-talk.

[Neurophysiological evaluation of cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa--preliminary report]. / Neurofizjologiczna ocena funkcji poznawczych u chorych na jadlowstret psychiczny--doniesienie wstepne.

INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disease with multi factorial etiology. Recent studies search the cause of its origin in impairments in neuroendocrinal transmission, genetics, psychological and socio-cultural factors. This disturbance affects the patient's attitude to eating. Many complex physical and psychiatric symptoms of AN require wide approach to the patient on the biological, psychiatric and psychological level. AIM: The purpose of this studies was to determine implications in cognitive functioning in patients with AN. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 10 patients with AN and 20 healthy as a control group were recruited. Cognitive functioning was evaluated using P300 wave component of event related potentials (ERP) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) recommendations for recording and analyzing of ERP were used. These studies were performed using Viking Quest (Nicolet ViaSys Healthcare, U.S.A.). They were recorded using the "oddball paradigm" procedure. The reception of potentials was completed by unipolar method with far-field recording (Fz, Cz, Pz and 10, EOG, 10-20 system). The latencies of the first negative wave N1, next positive P2, the following N2 negative and positive component P300 were evaluated. Moreover, the amplitude differences N1-P2, P2-N2, N2-P3 were analyzed. RESULTS: It was found that both latencies of P300 potential components and WCST results were quite normal. However, reduction of P300 amplitude was observed in patients with AN compared to control group, what can be the result of diminished absorption of cognitive structures during analyzing the stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: The results did not show significant differences in cognitive functioning in patients. Changes in the components of P300 wave indicate the need for further neurophysiological research on larger group to determine the degree of impairments in cognitive functioning in patients with AN.

Influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on thyroid gland function: The current knowledge.

The paper summarizes the current knowledge about the influence of SARS-CoV-2 on the thyroid gland and benign thyroid diseases, with emphasis on the situation in Poland. Based on the latest scientific literature published up to May 1, 2021 and the PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science database searches, keywords related to SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on the thyroid gland and benign thyroid diseases were searched. COVID-19-related thyroid disorders include non-thyroid syndrome, hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. The authors paid special attention to the treatment of thyroid disease during the pandemic. The emphasis was on radioiodine therapy, which is of high clinical value due to the lower risk of neutropenia or agranulocytosis. It is currently unknown whether COVID-19 may lead to de novo thyroid dysfunction or if it can aggravate an existing thyroid disease. Patients with uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis are in a risk group for complications (e.g., cytokine storm) from any infection (especially from SARS-CoV-2 infection). Moreover, this group of patients should receive more extensive care, bearing in mind the neutropenia from taking antithyroid drugs, which may mask the symptoms of COVID-19.

RRM2 gene expression depends on BAF180 subunit of SWISNF chromatin remodeling complex and correlates with abundance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in ccRCC.

About 40% of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cases carry the pbrm1 mutation inactivating BAF180 subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex (CRC). Here we show that the majority of transcriptomic changes appear at the stage I of ccRCC development. By contrast, the stage II ccRCC exhibits hyperactivation of DNA replication demonstrated by the overexpression of several genes, e.g., RRM1 and RRM2 genes encoding subunits of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex. We found that the degree of RRM1 and RRM2 upregulation in ccRCC patients depends on pbrm1 mutation. We show that the BAF180 protein product of the PBRM1 gene directly binds to RRM1 and RRM2 loci. The BAF180 binding regions are targeted by regulatory proteins previously reported as SWI/SNF CRC interacting partners. BAF180 binding to RRMs loci correlates with enrichment of H3K27me3 in case of RRM1 and H3K14Ac on RRM2, indicating the existence of differential regulatory mechanism controlling expression of these genes. We found that the strong overexpression of RRM2 in ccRCC patient samples correlates with T cell infiltration. Surprisingly, the majority of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) consisted of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we show that exhausted CD4+ T cells induced the expression of the RRM2 gene in the primary ccRCC cell line. Collectively, our results provide the link between PBRM1 loss, RRM2 expression and T cell infiltration, which may lead to the establishment of new treatment of this disease.