Sequential Intravesical Valrubicin and Docetaxel for the Salvage Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: Intravesical gemcitabine-docetaxel has emerged as an efficacious and well-tolerated salvage therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, further rescue therapies are needed for subsequent recurrences or intolerance, particularly when cystectomy is refused or precluded. Valrubicin is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved agent for bacillus Calmette-Guérin unresponsive disease, yet as monotherapy has demonstrated poor efficacy. We report our experience with sequential intravesical valrubicin and docetaxel as a rescue therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with valrubicin and docetaxel between April 2013 and June 2021. Patients received weekly sequential intravesical instillations of 800 mg valrubicin and 37.5 mg docetaxel for 6 weeks. If disease-free at first follow-up, monthly maintenance of 2 years was initiated. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival, assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The analysis included 75 patients with median follow-up of 21 months (IQR: 13-37). Twelve patients with low-grade disease had a 73% recurrence-free survival at 2 years. Sixty-three patients with recurrent high-grade disease had a 38% 2-year high-grade recurrence-free survival. Forty-two (56%) patients had carcinoma in situ present; recurrence-free survival was similar for those with and without carcinoma in situ (P = .63). Two patients died of metastatic bladder cancer while 10 underwent cystectomy. Among patients with high-grade disease, overall, cancer-specific, and cystectomy-free survivals were 87%, 96%, and 84% at 2 years, respectively. Adverse events included bladder spasms (n = 18), urinary frequency (n = 10), and dysuria (n = 8). Two patients could not tolerate valrubicin and docetaxel induction. CONCLUSIONS: In a heavily pretreated population, our results suggest valrubicin and docetaxel is an effective rescue treatment for patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Further prospective evaluation is needed.

Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Naïve High-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently recommended as adjuvant therapy following complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor for high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). In response to the BCG shortage, gemcitabine plus docetaxel (Gem/Doce) has been utilized at our institution in the BCG-naïve setting. We report the outcomes of patients with high-risk BCG-naïve NMIBC treated with Gem/Doce. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with BCG-naïve high-risk NMIBC treated with Gem/Doce from May 2013 through April 2021. Patients received 6 weekly intravesical instillations of sequential 1 gm gemcitabine and 37.5 mg docetaxel after complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Monthly maintenance of 2 years was initiated if disease-free at first followup. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival. Survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method, indexed from the first Gem/Doce instillation. Adverse events were reported using CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) v5 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland). Differences were assessed with the log-rank test. RESULTS: There were 107 patients with a median followup of 15 months included in the analysis. Patients had high-risk characteristics including 47 with any carcinoma in situ and 55 with T1 disease. Recurrence-free survival was 89%, 85% and 82% at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Recurrence rates were similar between patients with or without carcinoma in situ (p=0.42). No patient had disease progression or died of bladder cancer. One patient underwent cystectomy due to end-stage lower urinary tract symptoms. Overall survival was 84% at 24 months. There were 92 adverse events (1 ≥grade 3), and 4 (4%) patients were unable to receive a full induction course. CONCLUSIONS: Gem/Doce is an effective and well-tolerated therapy for BCG-naïve NMIBC. Further investigation is warranted.

Prospective performance of clear cell likelihood scores (ccLS) in renal masses evaluated with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES: Solid renal masses have unknown malignant potential with commonly utilized imaging. Biopsy can offer a diagnosis of cancer but has a high non-diagnostic rate and complications. Reported use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to diagnose aggressive histology (i.e., clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)) via a clear cell likelihood score (ccLS) was based on retrospective review of cT1a tumors. We aim to retrospectively assess the diagnostic performance of ccLS prospectively assigned to renal masses of all stages evaluated with mpMRI prior to histopathologic evaluation. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study from June 2016 to November 2019, 434 patients with 454 renal masses from 2 institutions with heterogenous patient populations underwent mpMRI with prospective ccLS assignment and had pathologic diagnosis. ccLS performance was assessed by contingency table analysis. The association between ccLS and ccRCC was assessed with logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age and tumor size were 60 ± 13 years and 5.4 ± 3.8 cm. Characteristics were similar between institutions except for patient age and race (both p < 0.001) and lesion laterality and histology (both p = 0.04). The PPV of ccLS increased with each increment in ccLS (ccLS1 5% [3/55], ccLS2 6% [3/47], ccLS3 35% [20/57], ccLS4 78% [85/109], ccLS5 93% [173/186]). Pooled analysis for ccRCC diagnosis revealed sensitivity 91% (258/284), PPV 87% (258/295) for ccLS ≥ 4, and specificity 56% (96/170), NPV 94% (96/102) for ccLS ≤ 2. Diagnostic performance was similar between institutions. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the optimal diagnostic performance of mpMRI to identify ccRCC in all clinical stages. High PPV and NPV of ccLS can help inform clinical management decision-making. KEY POINTS: • The positive predictive value of the clear cell likelihood score (ccLS) for detecting clear cell renal cell carcinoma was 5% (ccLS1), 6% (ccLS2), 35% (ccLS3), 78% (ccLS4), and 93% (ccLS5). Sensitivity of ccLS ≥ 4 and specificity of ccLS ≤ 2 were 91% and 56%, respectively. • When controlling for confounding variables, ccLS is an independent risk factor for identifying clear cell renal cell carcinoma. • Utilization of the ccLS can help guide clinical care, including the decision for renal mass biopsy, reducing the morbidity and risk to patients.

Clinical and radiographic outcomes following salvage intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess failure rates of salvage interventions and changes in split kidney function (SKF) following failed primary repair of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of adult patients at an academic medical center who underwent salvage intervention following primary treatment for UPJO was performed. Symptomatic failure was defined as significant flank pain. Radiographic failure was defined as no improvement in drainage or a decrease in SKF by ≥7%. Overall failure, the primary outcome, was defined as symptomatic failure, radiographic failure, or both. RESULTS: Between 2008-2017, 34 patients (median age 38 years, 50% men) met study criteria. UPJO management was primary pyeloplasty/secondary endopyelotomy for 21/34 (62%), primary pyeloplasty/secondary pyeloplasty for 6/34 (18%), and primary endopyelotomy/secondary pyeloplasty for 7/34 (21%). Median follow-up was 3.3 years following secondary intervention. Patients undergoing primary pyeloplasty/secondary endopyelotomy had significantly higher overall failure than those undergoing primary pyeloplasty/secondary pyeloplasty (16/21 [76%] vs. 1/6 [17%], p=0.015). Among patients undergoing secondary endopyelotomy, presence of a stricture on retrograde pyelogram, stricture length, and SKF were not associated with symptomatic, radiographic, or overall failure. Serial renography was performed for 28/34 (82%) patients and 2/28 (7%) had a significant decline in SKF. CONCLUSIONS: Following failed primary pyeloplasty, secondary endopyelotomy had a greater overall failure rate than secondary pyeloplasty. No radiographic features assessed were associated with secondary endopyelotomy failure. Secondary intervention overall failure rates were higher than reported in the literature. Unique to this study, serial renography demonstrated that significant functional loss was overall infrequent.

Multi-Institution Evaluation of Sequential Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Rescue Therapy for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: Rescue intravesical therapies for patients with bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer remain a critical focus of ongoing research. Sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy has shown safety and efficacy in 2 retrospective, single institution cohorts. This doublet has since been adopted as an intravesical salvage option at multiple institutions. We report the results of a multi-institutional evaluation of gemcitabine and docetaxel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each institution retrospectively reviewed all records of patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer between June 2009 and May 2018. Only patients with recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and a history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment were included in the analysis. If patients were disease-free after induction, maintenance was instituted at the treating physician's discretion. Posttreatment surveillance followed American Urological Association guidelines. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and risk factors for treatment failure were assessed with Cox regression models. RESULTS: Overall 276 patients (median age 73 years, median followup 22.9 months) received treatment. Nine patients were unable to tolerate a full induction course. One and 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 60% and 46%, and high grade recurrence-free survival rates were 65% and 52%, respectively. Ten patients (3.6%) had disease progression on transurethral resection. Forty-three patients (15.6%) went on to cystectomy (median 11.3 months from induction), of whom 11 (4.0%) had progression to muscle invasion. Analysis identified no patient, disease or prior treatment related factors associated with gemcitabine and docetaxel failure. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy is well tolerated and effective, providing a durable response in patients with recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy. Further prospective study is warranted.

Experience with Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Salvage Therapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Patients with high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) receive intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as the well-established standard-of-care. However, even with prompt induction of intravesical therapy, approximately 40 % of patients will recur within 2 years. For patients who fail BCG, options include radical cystectomy, repeat BCG therapy, or alternative intravesical salvage therapy. In this review, we will discuss the most recent published evidence on salvage intravesical therapy with an emphasis on a more in-depth report of our therapeutic strategy with sequential gemcitabine and docetaxel intravesical therapy for this treatment-refractory population. In addition, we will provide practical advice on our approach to this challenging patient population including the use of operative staging to aid early identification of treatment failures.

Current Utilization and Perceptions of Formal Education of Point-of-care Ultrasound in Urology.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent of formal point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) training, current utilization of POCUS, and contemporary perceptions of POCUS amongst urologists. METHODS: A survey including questions regarding demographics, prior ultrasound education, current ultrasound utilization in practice/training, perceived optimal POCUS utilization, and the perception of formal ultrasound training was developed. The survey was disseminated to residency program directors (PDs) via the SAU and members of AUA subsection organizations. Data were collected via Redcap. RESULTS: A total of 40 PDs and 159 other respondents completed the survey with approximately half (51%) in an academic practice and two-thirds (68%) with more than 10years in practice. PD response rate was 28%, and general response rate was 2%. Among all respondents, 95% (186/196) and 82% (160/194) agreed/strongly agreed formal POCUS training would be worthwhile during and after residency. Among urology residency PDs, 93% (37/40) agreed/strongly agreed that formal POCUS training is worthwhile in residency. The majority of respondents used some form of ultrasound in practice (77%, 154/199). However, only 37% (72/199) of all respondents had prior formal POCUS training, and 19% (5/26) of PDs reported formal training in their programs. Of respondents without formal training, 63% (80/127) reported interest in pursuing formal training. CONCLUSION: POCUS is widely utilized in many practices. Yet, most urologists have not participated in formal POCUS training and most programs do not have curricula. Urologists have favorable opinions of the utility, safety, and efficacy of POCUS and desire training.

Evaluating Acetate as a Renoprotective Agent After Kidney Ischemia in a Porcine Model.

Objective: Renoprotection from reperfusion injury appears to be conferred by HIF-2a activation, which can be stimulated by exogenous acetate administration. The study objective was to assess whether administration of acetate in a porcine model can mitigate kidney injury related to ischemia-reperfusion after renal hilar occlusion. Methods: A porcine single-kidney model was created by performing a laparoscopic nephrectomy followed by animal recovery. After 2 days, the animals underwent laparoscopic hilar dissection. Block randomization was used to assign pigs into one of four experimental groups. One treatment block of pigs received 150 mEq of sodium acetate intravenously during 90 minutes of en bloc occlusion of the renal hilum (herein noted as "cross-clamping"). Another block received 0.75 g/kg of oral sodium acetate for 3 days prior to cross-clamping. A third block received no acetate and underwent hilar dissection without cross-clamping (negative control). The final block received no acetate and underwent cross-clamping (positive control). Serum creatinine was used to estimate renal function post-nephrectomy. Results: A total of 16 animals (4 pigs in each group) completed the study protocol. Median pig weight was 34.6 kg. One pig receiving IV acetate was excluded from the final analysis because of unrecoverable renal failure after cross-clamping. There was a significantly lower mean serum creatinine for the IV acetate group compared with the positive control group 72 hours after cross-clamping (p = 0.012). The same effect was not observed for the pigs receiving oral acetate. By day 7, renal function had recovered without significant difference in all groups. Conclusions: We observed that the administration of intravenous acetate conferred a significant renoprotective benefit in our single kidney ischemia-reperfusion porcine model 72 hours after hilar occlusion. This work is hypothesis-generating, and further work in human subjects undergoing renal hilar occlusion during partial nephrectomy is warranted.

Sequential endoluminal gemcitabine and docetaxel for the treatment of clinically non-invasive high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: There is an unmet need for effective renal sparing treatments for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Gemcitabine/Docetaxel (Gem/Doce) has shown favorable efficacy in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. We report the outcomes of patients treated with endoluminal Gem/Doce for noninvasive high-grade UTUC. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients treated with Gem/Doce for clinically noninvasive high-grade UTUC with no radiographic or endoscopically visible disease, either at diagnosis or following ablation, was performed. Treatment was instilled via nephrostomy or retrograde ureteral catheter. Induction instillations were performed weekly for 6 weeks, followed by 6 monthly instillations if disease-free. Recurrence was defined as biopsy-proven disease or high-grade (HG) cytology. Progression was defined by development of muscle invasion, metastases, or death due to cancer. Survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The final cohort included 31 patients with 41 upper tract units, 51% of which would have been dialysis dependent with nephroureterectomy. Median (IQR) age was 74 years (68-81). Median follow-up was 29 months (IQR 20-58). Prior to treatment, 37 (90%) units presented with a localizing HG cytology (presumed occult CIS), and 4 (9.8%) with HG biopsy-proven disease. Sixteen (52%) patients reported any side effects; 5 were Grade 3 and 1 was Grade 5. Recurrence-free survival was 76%, 54%, and 40% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Five patients died from urothelial carcinoma. The 3-year progression-free and overall survival were 75% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Gem/Doce demonstrates promising safety and efficacy as a renal-sparing treatment option for high-grade UTUC in appropriately selected patients.

Sequential Endoluminal Gemcitabine and Cabazitaxel with Intravenous Pembrolizumab as a Bladder-Preserving Strategy for Docetaxel-Unresponsive Non-Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Following Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor.

Growing evidence suggests that many patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIUC) can undergo bladder-sparing management with salvage intravesical therapies. However, inherent or developed disease resistance, particularly after multiple lines of prior salvage therapy, implores the continued pursuit of new treatment combinations. Herein, we describe the outcomes of 26 patients (31 treated units; 24 lower tract, 7 upper tract) with high-risk NMIUC treated with sequential intravesical gemcitabine and cabazitaxel with concomitant intravenous pembrolizumab (GCP) at the University of Iowa from August 2020 to February 2023. Median (IQR) follow-up was 30 (IQR: 17-35) months. Treated units had a history of high-risk NMIUC with a median of four prior endoluminal inductions. Overall, 87% of units presented with CIS or positive urine cytology. The 1- and 2-year recurrence-free survival was 77% (CI: 58-88%) and 52% (CI: 30-70%), respectively. The 2-year progression-free and cancer-specific survival was 70% (CI: 44-85%) and 96% (CI: 75-99%), respectively. In total, 22/26 (85%) patients reported any adverse event and 5/26 (19%) reported a grade ≥3 adverse event; however, all patients tolerated a full induction course. These results suggest that GCP is an effective and tolerable treatment option for patients with recurrent high-risk NMIUC.

Sequential endoluminal gemcitabine and docetaxel vs. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for the treatment of upper tract carcinoma in situ.

INTRODUCTION: Nephroureterectomy is commonly performed for high-grade (HG) upper tract (UT) urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, some patients may benefit from a de-escalation of surgical management, particularly for noninvasive disease and carcinoma in situ (CIS). Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is currently the only guideline-recommended endoluminal treatment option. Gemcitabine/Docetaxel (Gem/Doce) has shown promising efficacy as a treatment for noninvasive HG UTUC, though a comparison to BCG is lacking. We report the outcomes of patients treated with endoluminal Gem/Doce vs. BCG for UT-CIS. METHODS: A single-institutional retrospective review of patients treated with Gem/Doce vs. BCG for UT-CIS was performed. Treatment was instilled via nephrostomy or retrograde ureteral catheter. In both treatment groups, induction consisted of 6 weekly instillations. Maintenance was initiated if disease-free and consisted of 6 monthly instillations in the Gem/Doce group and a reduced dose (one-tenth) 3-week course at 3 months in the BCG group. Recurrence was defined as biopsy-proven disease or HG cytology. RESULTS: The final cohort included 53 patients with 65 upper tract units; 31 received BCG and 34 received Gem/Doce. Median follow-up was 88 and 29 months in the BCG and Gem/Doce groups, respectively. Presenting pathology included biopsy-proven CIS and HG cytology in 9.7% and 90% of the BCG group, and 8.8% and 91% of the Gem/Doce group, respectively. The 2-year estimates for recurrence-free and nephroureterectomy-free survival were 61% and 89% for the BCG group and 54% and 100% for the Gem/Doce group, respectively. Upon multivariable analysis, instillation via percutaneous nephrostomy tube was associated with an increased risk of recurrence (HR 3.89, 95% CI 1.59-9.53). The development of any symptom was not statistically different between treatment groups (P = 0.12). There were 2 treatment-related deaths that occurred, 1 within each treatment group. CONCLUSION: Endoluminal Gem/Doce and BCG have similar oncological outcomes and major adverse event rates in the treatment of UT-CIS. Further prospective evaluation is warranted.

Robotic Partial vs Radical Nephrectomy for Clinical T3a Tumors: A Narrative Review.

Introduction: T3a renal masses include a diverse group of tumors that invade the perirenal and/or sinus fat, pelvicaliceal system, or renal vein. The majority of cT3a renal masses represent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and have historically been treated with radical nephrectomy (RN) given their aggressive nature. With the adoption of minimally invasive approaches to renal surgery, the combination of improved observation, pneumoperitoneum, and robotic articulation has allowed urologists to consider partial nephrectomy (PN) for more complex tumors. Herein, we review the existing literature regarding robot-assisted PN (RAPN) and robot-assisted RN (RARN) in the management of T3a renal masses. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed for articles evaluating the role of RARN and RAPN for T3a renal masses. Search parameters were limited to English language studies. Applicable studies were abstracted and included in this narrative review. Results: T3a RCC caused by renal sinus fat or venous involvement is associated with ∼50% lower cancer-specific survival than those with perinephric fat invasion alone. CT and MRI can both be used to stage cT3a tumors, however, MRI is more accurate when assessing venous involvement. Upstaging to pT3a RCC during RAPN does not confer a worse prognosis than pT3a tumors treated with RARN; however, patients who undergo RAPN for T3a RCC with venous involvement have relatively higher rates of recurrence and metastasis. Intraoperative tools including drop-in ultrasound, near-infrared fluorescence, and 3D virtual models improve the ability to perform RAPN for T3a tumors. In well-selected cases, warm ischemia times remain reasonable. Conclusions: cT3a renal masses represent a diverse group of tumors. Depending on substratification of cT3a, RARN or RAPN can be employed for treatment of such masses.

Comparison of Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel vs Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for the Treatment of Patients With High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Importance: Due to the ongoing bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortage, sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel has been increasingly used as first-line therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, data directly comparing these 2 therapies are lacking. Objective: To compare the outcomes of patients with high-risk NMIBC treated with gemcitabine and docetaxel vs BCG. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2021. The median (IQR) duration of follow-up was 23 (12-33) months for patients receiving gemcitabine and docetaxel and 49 (27-79) months for patients receiving BCG. All patients were treated at the University of Iowa tertiary care center. A total of 312 patients with high-risk treatment-naive NMIBC were included; 174 patients were treated with BCG therapy and 138 were treated with gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy. Exposures: After undergoing complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor, patients received either sequential intravesical gemcitabine, 1 g, and docetaxel, 37.5 mg, or 1 vial of BCG. Induction treatments were administered once per week for 6 weeks. Maintenance regimens were initiated if the patient was disease free at the first follow-up visit. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was high-grade recurrence-free survival (RFS). Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association of covariates with outcomes. Adverse events were reported using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5. Results: Among 312 patients, the median (IQR) age was 73 (66-79) years; 255 patients (81.7%) were male and 292 (93.6%) were White. Baseline clinicopathological characteristics such as sex, smoking status, and pretreatment tumor pathology were similar between treatment groups. High-grade RFS estimates were 76% (95% CI, 69%-82%) at 6 months, 71% (95% CI, 64%-78%) at 12 months, and 69% (95% CI, 62%-76%) at 24 months in the BCG group and 92% (95% CI, 86%-95%) at 6 months, 85% (95% CI, 78%-91%) at 12 months, and 81% (95% CI, 72%-87%) at 24 months in the gemcitabine and docetaxel group. Multivariable Cox regression analyses controlled for age, sex, treatment year, and presence of carcinoma in situ revealed that treatment with gemcitabine and docetaxel was associated with better high-grade RFS (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.97; P = .04) and RFS (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.92; P = .02) than treatment with BCG. Induction therapy for BCG was associated with greater treatment discontinuation than induction therapy for gemcitabine and docetaxel (9.2% vs 2.9%; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy was associated with less high-grade disease recurrence and treatment discontinuation than BCG therapy. These findings suggest that, while awaiting results from an ongoing randomized clinical trial during the current BCG shortage, use of gemcitabine and docetaxel can be considered for recommendation in updated practice guidelines.

Renal Location Within the Retroperitoneum in Various Body Positions Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Implications for Percutaneous Nephrostolithotomy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the difference in cranio-caudal renal position in both the supine and prone position, as well as the effect of arm position on renal location, using magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with BMI <30. METHODS: In a prospective IRB approved trial, healthy subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging in the supine, prone position with arms at the side, and prone position with arms up using vertically placed towel bolsters. Images were obtained with end expiration breath holds. Distances between the kidney and other anatomical landmarks, including the diaphragm (KDD), top of the L1 vertebra (KVD) and lower edge of the 12th rib (KRD), were recorded. Nephrostomy tract length (NTL) and other measures for visceral injury were also assessed. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for analysis (P < .05). RESULTS: Ten subjects (5 male, 5 female) with median age of 29 years and BMI of 24 kg/m2 were imaged. Right KDD was not significantly different between positions, but KRD and KVD noted significant cephalad movement when prone, as compared to supine. Left KDD noted caudal movement with prone positioning with no difference in KRD or KVD. Arm position did not affect any measurements. Right lower NTL was shorter when prone. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with BMI < 30, prone positioning led to significant cephalad right renal movement, but not left renal movement. Arm position had no effect on anticipated renal position. Preoperative end expiration supine CT may reliably predict left kidney location and be used to improve preoperative counseling and/or surgical planning.

Neoadjuvant systemic and intravesical chemotherapy with partial cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer with concomitant CIS.

The presence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) is traditionally a contraindication to bladder-sparing approaches for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Strategies that might aid in bladder preservation for this population require further investigation. We report a case of MIBC with CIS treated with both neoadjuvant systemic and intravesical chemotherapy prior to partial cystectomy.